Scalp condition improvement with botanical extracts possessing chemical and physical antioxidant activity.

Objective: Oxidative stress is implicated in scalp and hair health manifesting in several ways, including skin barrier, hair retention, healthy hair appearance and scalp sensation. We previously linked markers of oxidative damage to dandruff and skin barrier impairment and have linked key anti-dandruff technologies to the resolution of these issues. Here we expand the therapeutic space demonstrating many botanical extracts offer protective benefits against ROS stress via both chemical and biological antioxidant mechanisms.

Tyrp1 is the mendelian determinant of the Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) copper mutant.

Several dozen Mendelian mutants have been discovered in axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) populations, including several that affect pigmentation. Four recessive mutants have been described in the scientific literature and genes for three of these have been identified. Here we describe and genetically dissect copper, a mutant with an albino-like phenotype known only from the pet trade.

Introduction to Treating Patients Exposed to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Threats: A Military Medical Case-Based Curriculum.

Introduction: Ensuring proficiency in responding to, evaluating, and treating chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) casualties is a critical component of military medical student education. To meet this objective, we developed a case-based CBRN curriculum that can serve as a model to address potential curricular gaps for civilian prehospital, UME, and GME programs.

Methods: The curriculum was administered in two sessions, 1 month apart, each with individual student preparation, including an optional asynchronous online module and a review of clinical practice guidelines.

Galleria mellonella as a superficial model for Malassezia globosa and its treatment.

is a yeast species that belongs to the mycobiota of humans and animals, associated with dermatological disorders, such as dandruff. This is a chronic scalp skin disorder characterized by flaking and itching. Treatments include commercial shampoo with different formulations that contain antifungal activities like zinc pyrithione (ZPT) or piroctone olamine (PO).

Improved Casualty Depiction System for Simulated Mass Casualty Exercises.

Introduction: Assessing military medical teams' ability to respond to large-scale mass casualty (MASCAL) events has become a priority in preparing for future conflicts. MASCAL exercises rely on large numbers of simulated patients with limited medical training. Role-players must be appropriately prepared to ensure that medical exercises adequately assess the expected capabilities of military medical units.

The Relationship between the Military Medical Officer and Commanding Officer: Implications for Education and Training.

Introduction: A successful working relationship between the Military Medical Officer (MMO) and Commanding Officer (CO) is critical for mission success. However, there is a gap in the professional literature outlining evidence-based practices for teaching early career MMOs how to strategically develop this relationship. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore our participants' perceptions of how MMOs can foster a positive and productive working relationship with the CO.

The Impact of High-fidelity Simulations on Medical Student Readiness.

Introduction: Simulation is a key aspect of the military unique curriculum at the Uniformed Services University (USU). The Department of Military and Emergency Medicine conducts rigorous high-fidelity simulations for military medical students during each year of their medical school training: Patient Experience (first year), Advanced Combat Medical Experience (second year), Operation Gunpowder (third year), and Operation Bushmaster (fourth year). There is currently a gap in the professional literature regarding students' progression through each of these simulations.

Medical Students' Integration of Formative Feedback During Simulation: A Grounded Theory Study.

Introduction: Formative feedback is critical for trainees' growth and development. However, there is a gap in the professional literature regarding the ways in which formative feedback affects student performance during simulation. This grounded theory study addresses this gap by exploring the ways in which medical students received and integrated ongoing formative feedback throughout a multiday, high-fidelity military medical simulation, Operation Bushmaster.

The Impact of Operation Bushmaster on Medical Student Decision-making in a High-Stress, Operational Environment.

Introduction: Operation Bushmaster is a high-fidelity military medical field practicum for fourth-year medical students at the Uniformed Services University. During Operation Bushmaster, students treat live-actor and mannequin-based simulated patients in wartime scenarios throughout the five-day practicum. This study explored the impact of participating in Operation Bushmaster on students' decision-making in a high-stress, operational environment, a crucial aspect of their future role as military medical officers.

Operation Bushmaster's Impact on Military Medical Student Deployment Readiness.

Introduction: Operation Bushmaster is a high-fidelity simulation held for fourth-year medical students at the Uniformed Services University. No past research has examined this multi-day simulation's ability to prepare military medical students for the complexities of their first deployment. This qualitative study, therefore, explored Operation Bushmaster's impact on military medical student deployment readiness.

APOE modulates microglial immunometabolism in response to age, amyloid pathology, and inflammatory challenge.

The E4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is associated with both metabolic dysfunction and a heightened pro-inflammatory response: two findings that may be intrinsically linked through the concept of immunometabolism. Here, we combined bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics with cell-specific and spatially resolved metabolic analyses in mice expressing human APOE to systematically address the role of APOE across age, neuroinflammation, and AD pathology. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) highlighted immunometabolic changes across the APOE4 glial transcriptome, specifically in subsets of metabolically distinct microglia enriched in the E4 brain during aging or following an inflammatory challenge.

drives transcriptional heterogeneity and maladaptive immunometabolic responses of astrocytes.

Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest risk allele associated with the development of late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Across the CNS, astrocytes are the predominant expressor of while also being critical mediators of neuroinflammation and cerebral metabolism. APOE4 has been consistently linked with dysfunctional inflammation and metabolic processes, yet insights into the molecular constituents driving these responses remain unclear.

Enhanced piroctone olamine retention from shampoo for superior anti-dandruff efficacy.

Background: Dandruff is a pervasive chronic condition which negatively impacts quality of life. Effective treatment requires efficient delivery of scalp benefit agents that control commensal scalp Malassezia levels. Delivery of benefit agents from shampoos requires balancing many technical parameters to achieve the desired outcome without sacrificing secondary parameters, such as cosmetic attributes.

Medical Students' Professional Identity Formation During Operation Bushmaster.

Introduction: The role of the military medical officer is complex, as it encapsulates officer, physician, and leader. Professional identity formation is therefore essential for military medical students and junior military physicians to successfully execute the responsibilities of the military medical officer in their future careers. Because little is known regarding best practices for professional identity formation training for military physicians, this study explored the ways in which medical students conceptualized the complex roles of the military medical officer during a medical field practicum.

Scalp application of the antioxidant piroctone olamine reduces hair shedding in an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study.

Objective: Increasing scalp hair fullness is a global unmet consumer need. An approach to decrease hair shedding by reducing scalp stratum corneum oxidation via a combination of antioxidant and barrier-enhancing technologies has been previously demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of the individual antioxidant piroctone olamine in two different product forms (shampoo or leave-on product) for activity to improve hair retention.

The Impact of Shampoo Wash Frequency on Scalp and Hair Conditions.

Background: How frequently should the scalp and hair be cleansed? A dearth of objective data has led to confusion both among lay people and experts. Each extreme has potential detrimental effects: overcleaning may lead to surface damage while undercleaning may lead to buildup of harmful stimuli. This situation is complicated because both objective and subjective criteria are relevant to assess optimal cleaning.

Role of scalp health in achieving optimal hair growth and retention.

We have conducted a thorough review of the literature to assess the evidence for supporting a cause-and-effect linkage between scalp condition and resultant hair condition. Over 20 epidemiological studies have been published covering a wide range of abnormal scalp conditions in which consequent impacts to the hair have been documented. A treatment study was conducted to demonstrate not only that impaired scalp condition led to impaired hair quality but that the impacts to hair are reversible upon normalization of the scalp condition.

Military Medical Students' Intentions to Pursue Operational Medicine: Survey Design and Initial Validation.

Introduction: The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences coordinates a 2-week Summer Operational Experience (SOE) during the first year of medical school. The SOE aims to provide students with operational context and enhance familiarity with service-specific operational environments, the services' medical department capabilities, and/or general warfighter skills. One overarching goal of the SOE is to provide an experience that may motivate students to pursue an operational medicine assignment at some point in their military career.

Incubatory environment of the scalp impacts pre-emergent hair to affect post-emergent hair cuticle integrity.

Objectives: To determine whether the oxidative stress transmitted to newly grown hair from an unhealthy scalp has physical consequences to the cuticular condition and function.

Methods: A uniquely designed 24-week clinical study included 8 weeks of pretreatment with a cosmetic shampoo and 16 weeks of treatment with either a potentiated zinc pyrithione (ZPT) antidandruff shampoo or a placebo cosmetic shampoo. This clinical design allowed the growth and acquisition of hair samples under conditions of varying but known scalp health as a result of treating a dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD) population.

Zinc Pyrithione: A Topical Antimicrobial With Complex Pharmaceutics.

Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is an active material that has been used for over 50 years to effectively treat dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (D/SD). It has become the most common material for that purpose, its use has expanded to include other skin benefits such as skin hygiene. However, there is much about ZPT that is unappreciated.