In vitro assessment of 3 dentifrices containing fluoride in preventing demineralization of overdenture abutments and root surfaces.

Statement Of Problem: Caries development under overdentures has been a continuing problem and requires the daily use of fluoride to prevent demineralization.

Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effectiveness of dentifrices containing tricalcium phosphate or calcium phosphosilicate in combination with fluoride to prevent the demineralization of overdenture abutments and root surfaces.

Material And Methods: A total of 56 caries-free extracted teeth were prepared as overdenture abutments.

Erosive potentials of brewed teas.

Purpose: To measure the pH, titratable acidity, fluoride concentration and erosive potential of brewed teas.

Methods: Bag teas were purchased to represent black, green, citrus, fruity, and floral tea flavors from Tulsi, Bigelow, HyVee, Tazo, and Yogi brands and brewed (1 bag/240 ml) in boiling water for 3 minutes. The pH, titratable acidity, and fluoride concentrations were measured.

Comparison of in vitro erosion potentials between beverages available in the United Kingdom and the United States.

Objective: Our objective was to compare the physiochemical properties and erosion potentials between beverages available in the UK and the US.

Methods: The physiochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity and fluoride concentration) and erosion potential on enamel surfaces of beverages available in the UK were compared to similar beverages from the US. Enamel windows were exposed to beverages for 25h.

In vitro enamel erosion associated with commercially available original-flavor and sour versions of candies.

Background: Exposure to acidic foods and beverages is thought to increase the risk of developing dental erosion. The authors hypothesized that the erosion potential of sour candies was greater than the erosion potential of original-flavor versions of the candies.

Methods: The authors measured the pH and titratable acidity of candies dissolved in artificial saliva or water.

Acidic beverages increase the risk of in vitro tooth erosion.

Acidic beverages are thought to increase the potential for dental erosion. We report pH and titratable acidities (ie, quantity of base required to bring a solution to neutral pH) of beverages popular in the United States and lesion depths in enamel and root surfaces after beverage exposure, and we describe associations among pH, titratable acidity, and both enamel and root erosive lesion depths. The pH of 100% juices, regular sodas, diet sodas, and sports drinks upon opening and the titratable acidity both upon opening and after 60 minutes of stirring were measured.

The inhibitory effect of MI paste, fluoride and a combination of both on the progression of artificial caries-like lesions in enamel.

This in-vitro study evaluated the inhibition of demineralization in enamel sections produced by MI paste, fluoride and a combination of both, compared to artificial saliva and NaF 5000 ppm in a caries progression pH-cycling model. Twenty-one teeth were demineralized to create subsurface enamel lesions (approximately 200 microns in depth). The teeth were sectioned and characterized using polarized-light-microscopy (PLM).

Fluorescence changes in remineralized and nonremineralized enamel adjacent to glass ionomer ART restorations: an in vitro study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate fluorescence changes of remineralized and nonremineralized enamel margins adjacent to glass ionomer restorations during a pH cycling sequence.

Methods: One hundred permanent molar and premolar teeth were placed in a demineralizing solution for 3 days and restored with a glass ionomer restoration (simulating Atraumatic Restorative Treatment [ART]). Half were placed in a remin solution for 7 days to create a remineralization (remin) group.

In vitro protection against dental erosion afforded by commercially available, calcium-fortified 100 percent juices.

Background: Calcium in acidic beverages can decrease a person's risk of experiencing dental erosion. The authors compared the pHs and titratable acidities of commercially available calcium-fortified and unfortified 100 percent juices, and enamel and root surface lesion depths after they were exposed to different juices.

Methods: The authors measured the pH and titratable acidity of calcium-fortified and unfortified 100 percent juices.

Fluoride assay methodology for carbonated beverages.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to review different methodological techniques used for the assessment of fluoride in carbonated beverages, and compare results using a fluoride ion electrode direct read method with and without a prior decarbonation treatment.

Methods: The carbonated beverages in this study were either purchased locally at grocery stores in Iowa City, Iowa, or purchased as part of a national representative sampling approach included in the National Fluoride Database and Intake Assessment Study (NFDIAS). The samples were compared with and without a decarbonating process.

Prevention of demineralization by CO2 and Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation of overdenture abutments.

Purpose: To assess the effects of Er,Cr:YSGG and CO2 laser irradiation on the prevention of demineralization of overdenture abutments.

Methods: 32 human canines, premolars, and molars were acquired, cleaned, and scaled. They were randomly divided into two groups.

Timing of fluoride intake in relation to development of fluorosis on maxillary central incisors.

Objectives: Several studies have focused on the timing of fluoride intake relative to the development of dental fluorosis. This study reports the relationships of fluoride intake during the first 48 months of life with fluorosis on early-erupting permanent teeth.

Methods: Subjects were followed from birth to 48 months with questionnaires every 3-4 months.

Association of amoxicillin use during early childhood with developmental tooth enamel defects.

Background: It has been speculated that amoxicillin use could be associated with dental enamel defects.

Objective: To assess the association between dental fluorosis, one of the most common developmental tooth enamel defects, and amoxicillin use during early childhood.

Design, Setting, And Participants: As participants in the Iowa Fluoride Study, subjects were followed up from birth to 32 months using questionnaires every 3 to 4 months to gather information on fluoride intake and amoxicillin use.

In vitro model for evaluating the effect of child formula toothpastes on artificial caries in primary dentition enamel.

Purpose: To determine if the in vitro 10-day pH-cycling model used for permanent teeth could be utilized to evaluate de/remineralization effects, on the enamel of primary teeth, of child formula toothpastes.

Methods: Sound extracted primary anterior teeth were coated with nail varnish, leaving a 1 mm-wide window prior to being placed in a demineralizing solution to produce artificial carious lesions in enamel. The teeth were subsequently cut longitudinally into 100 microm thick sections.

Effect of topical fluoride and fluoride varnish on in vitro root surface lesions.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a fluoride varnish on demineralization and remineralization of root surfaces in vitro.

Methods: 80 caries-free teeth were selected from a large pool of extracted anterior and premolar teeth from elderly patients. Acid resistant nail varnish was painted on all surfaces except for a window (l x 4 mm) on the buccal or lingual root surfaces.

Interfacial fracture toughness between resin-modified glass ionomer and dentin using three different surface treatments.

Objectives: To identify the long-term dentin-resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) interfacial fracture toughness (FT) using three different dentin surface treatments prior to RMGIC placement. Fuji II LC (GC America) was bonded to dentin using cavity conditioner (CC), Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M ESPE) complete system (SS), or Scotchbond etching and priming without adhesive (SP). Twenty-four teeth were used for each of the three groups.

Effect of 2% plain and fluoridated milk on root surface caries in vitro.

The caries-protective effect of milk and fluoridated milk on enamel has been reported; however, few data are available concerning the role of milk and/or fluoridated milk on root surfaces. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of plain and fluoridated milk on root surface caries. Artificial root surface lesions were created, sectioned and analyzed using polarized light microscopy (PLM) and microradiography (MRG).

Practical fluoride and remineralization protocols for adult patients.

There is a wealth of information on preventive measures and procedures that can be used to care for paediatric and adolescent patients. However, few studies have been conducted in adult or geriatric populations, and an understanding of preventive and non-surgical treatment regimens for these patients is lacking. Traditionally, caries incidence is high among risk groups of low income, low dental IQ and certain ethnic subgroups, but we are now witnessing a high incidence of caries among middle-income and healthy adult patients with an imbalance of protective factors and cariogenic factors.

Single-step, self-etch adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization. Part III. Evidence from fluid conductance and artificial caries inhibition.

Purpose: To test the hypothesis that formation of inhibition zones by bonded restorations in artificially-induced carious dentin lesions is related to the permeability of the self-etch adhesives.

Methods: Fluid conductance of four single-step self-etch adhesives (Prompt L-Pop, Etch&Prime 3.0, One-Up Bond F and Reactmer Bond), and a control two-step self-etch adhesive (UniFil Bond) were measured after sound dentin surfaces were:(1) acid-etched; (2) polished to produce smear layers; (3) bonded with the adhesive; each at 20 cm hydrostatic pressure (hp).

Effect of brushing on fluoride release from 3 bracket adhesives.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare fluoride ion release from 3 orthodontic bracket adhesives with and without brushing the bracketed teeth with a fluoridated dentifrice. The bracket adhesives included a light-cured composite resin (Transbond; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif), a fluoride-releasing composite resin (Advance; L D Caulk Division, Dentsply International, Milford, Del), and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji Ortho LC; GC America, Alsip, Ill). The teeth in the control group were not bonded with brackets.

Primary tooth fluorosis and amoxicillin use during infancy.

Objective: It has been speculated that amoxicillin use could be associated with enamel defects, but there have been few studies of this possible relationship. This study assessed the association between amoxicillin use during the first year of life and primary tooth fluorosis.

Methods: Subjects (n = 490) were recruited at birth and followed prospectively with a series of questionnaires to gather information on fluoride intake and amoxicillin use.

Effects of CO2 laser on fluoride uptake in enamel.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CO(2) laser on fluoride uptake in the loosely- and firmly-bound forms in enamel.

Methods: Five human molars were cut into halves before being treated with 2.0% NaF topical gel.

Explorer probing of root caries lesions: an in vitro study.

Probing with a dental explorer is the preferred method of root caries diagnoses. However, studies suggest that use of a dental explorer in coronal caries detection may damage tooth structure. This pilot study investigated the effect of probing on remineralization of root surface lesions in vitro.

In vitro evaluation of fluoride varnish on overdenture abutments.

Statement Of Problem: No clinical study has evaluated the efficacy of fluoride varnish as a topical fluoride agent for the protection of overdenture abutments from dental caries.

Purpose: This study assessed the efficacy of a fluoride varnish in protecting overdenture abutments from demineralization in an in vitro environment.

Material And Methods: Eighty caries-free, extracted teeth were sectioned and domed immediately below the cementoenamel junction, simulating overdenture abutment preparations.

Effect of fluoride varnish on demineralization adjacent to brackets bonded with RMGI cement.

Far too often a less-than-optimal esthetic result occurs after orthodontic treatment due to demineralization of enamel adjacent to fixed orthodontic appliances in patients with inadequate oral hygiene. In vitro studies have shown that a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cement and a fluoride varnish might help clinicians combat this problem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the effect of a fluoride-releasing cavity varnish on inhibition of enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets bonded with RMGI and composite resin cements.

Primary tooth fluorosis and fluoride intake during the first year of life.

Objectives: Few studies in North America have assessed dental fluorosis of the primary dentition and few, if any, anywhere have assessed the relative importance in fluorosis etiology of fluoride intake during different time periods or from multiple sources. The purpose of this paper is to report on analyses relating estimated prenatal fluoride intake and fluoride intake during different parts of the first year of life to primary tooth fluorosis.

Methods: As part of The Iowa Fluoride Study, subjects were recruited at birth and studied longitudinally.