Ventilatory Threshold Related to V̇O 2 reserve, Heart Rate Reserve, and Rating of Perceived Exertion in a Large Varied Sample.

Purpose: ACSM guidelines state that aerobic exercise intensity should be 30%/40% to 89% V̇O 2 reserve (V̇O 2 R) or heart rate reserve (HRR). Determining the proper intensity within this range is the "art" of exercise prescription, often relying on rating of perceived exertion (RPE) as the adjunctive intensity modulator. Current guidelines do not consider the use of ventilatory threshold (VT) due to the need for specialized equipment and methodological issues.

Effect of individual characteristics and aerobic training on the %HRR-%OR relationship.

This study aimed to assess if, during incremental exercise, considering individual characteristics can make the relationship between the percentages of heart rate (HRR) and oxygen uptake (OR) reserve either 1:1 or more accurate. Cycle ergometer data of the maximal incremental exercise tests performed by 450 healthy and sedentary participants (17-66 years) of the HERITAGE Family Study, grouped for sex, ethnicity, age, body fat, resting HR, and O, were used to calculate the individual linear regressions between %HRR and %OR. The mean slope and intercept of the individual linear regressions of each subgroup were compared with 1 and 0 (identity line), respectively, using Hotelling tests followed by post-hoc one-sample -tests.

The HERITAGE Family Study: A Review of the Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiometabolic Health, with Insights into Molecular Transducers.

The aim of the HERITAGE Family Study was to investigate individual differences in response to a standardized endurance exercise program, the role of familial aggregation, and the genetics of response levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors. Here we summarize the findings and their potential implications for cardiometabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness. It begins with overviews of background and planning, recruitment, testing and exercise program protocol, quality control measures, and other relevant organizational issues.

Effect of steady-state aerobic exercise intensity and duration on the relationship between reserves of heart rate and oxygen uptake.

Background: The percentages of heart rate (%HRR) or oxygen uptake (%V̇OR) reserve are used interchangeably for prescribing aerobic exercise intensity due to their assumed 1:1 relationship, although its validity is debated. This study aimed to assess if %HRR and %V̇OR show a 1:1 relationship during steady-state exercise (SSE) and if exercise intensity and duration affect their relationship.

Methods: Eight physically active males (age 22.

Regular exercise and patterns of response across multiple cardiometabolic traits: the HERITAGE family study.

Objectives: We investigated whether high responsiveness or low responsiveness to exercise training aggregates in the same individuals across seven cardiometabolic traits.

Methods: A total of 564 adults (29.2% black, 53.

HRR and V˙O2R Fractions Are Not Equivalent: Is It Time to Rethink Aerobic Exercise Prescription Methods?

Introduction: According to current guidelines, the intensity of health-enhancing aerobic exercise should be prescribed using a percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR), which is considered to be more closely associated (showing a 1:1 relation) with the percentage of oxygen uptake reserve (%V˙O2R) rather than with the percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%V˙O2max) during incremental exercise. However, the associations between %HRR and %V˙O2R and between %HRR and %V˙O2max are under debate; hence, their actual relationships were investigated in this study.

Methods: Data from each stage of a maximal incremental exercise test performed by 737 healthy and physically inactive participants of the HERITAGE Family Study were screened and filtered then used to calculate the individual linear regressions between %HRR and either %V˙O2R or %V˙O2max.

Precision exercise medicine: understanding exercise response variability.

There is evidence from human twin and family studies as well as mouse and rat selection experiments that there are considerable interindividual differences in the response of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and other cardiometabolic traits to a given exercise programme dose. We developed this consensus statement on exercise response variability following a symposium dedicated to this topic. There is strong evidence from both animal and human studies that exercise training doses lead to variable responses.

Effects of regular endurance exercise on GlycA: Combined analysis of 14 exercise interventions.

Background And Aims: GlycA is a relatively new biomarker for inflammation as well as cardiometabolic disease risk. However, the effect of exercise on GlycA is largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of regular exercise on the inflammatory marker GlycA across seven studies and 14 exercise interventions.

Plasma steroids, body composition, and fat distribution: effects of age, sex, and exercise training.

Background/objectives: Plasma steroid hormone levels vary between men and women, but their associations with BMI and adiposity are controversial. Furthermore, little is known about the role of exercise programs on the relationship between steroid hormones and adiposity. This report evaluates these relationships for plasma levels of adrenal, gonadal, and conjugated steroids with body composition and fat distribution in sedentary men and women, aged 17-65 years, and their responses to an exercise program.

Adropin: An endocrine link between the biological clock and cholesterol homeostasis.

Objective: Identify determinants of plasma adropin concentrations, a secreted peptide translated from the Energy Homeostasis Associated (ENHO) gene linked to metabolic control and vascular function.

Methods: Associations between plasma adropin concentrations, demographics (sex, age, BMI) and circulating biomarkers of lipid and glucose metabolism were assessed in plasma obtained after an overnight fast in humans. The regulation of adropin expression was then assessed in silico, in cultured human cells, and in animal models.

Effects of bioDensity Training and Power Plate Whole-Body Vibration on Strength, Balance, and Functional Independence in Older Adults.

Reduced strength, balance, and functional independence diminish quality of life and increase health care costs. Sixty adults (82.2 ± 4.

Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: is it a rare or common occurrence?

Background: Individuals differ in the response to regular exercise. Whether there are people who experience adverse changes in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors has never been addressed.

Methodology/principal Findings: An adverse response is defined as an exercise-induced change that worsens a risk factor beyond measurement error and expected day-to-day variation.

American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults.

The purpose of this Position Stand is to provide an overview of issues critical to understanding the importance of exercise and physical activity in older adult populations. The Position Stand is divided into three sections: Section 1 briefly reviews the structural and functional changes that characterize normal human aging, Section 2 considers the extent to which exercise and physical activity can influence the aging process, and Section 3 summarizes the benefits of both long-term exercise and physical activity and shorter-duration exercise programs on health and functional capacity. Although no amount of physical activity can stop the biological aging process, there is evidence that regular exercise can minimize the physiological effects of an otherwise sedentary lifestyle and increase active life expectancy by limiting the development and progression of chronic disease and disabling conditions.

Effect of endothelin 1 genotype on blood pressure is dependent on physical activity or fitness levels.

Contributions of the DNA sequence variation at the endothelin 1 locus to the risk of hypertension and to endurance training-induced changes in blood pressure were investigated in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study and the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics Family Study cohorts. We identified 586 normotensive control subjects and 607 incident hypertensive case subjects from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study cohort (all whites) who were normotensive and healthy at their first clinic visit. The case subjects were diagnosed with hypertension during an average follow-up of 9.

Genome-wide linkage scan for submaximal exercise heart rate in the HERITAGE family study.

The purpose of this study was to identify regions of the human genome linked to submaximal exercise heart rates in the sedentary state and in response to a standardized 20-wk endurance training program in blacks and whites of the HERITAGE Family Study. A total of 701 polymorphic markers covering the 22 autosomes were used in the genome-wide linkage scan, with 328 sibling pairs from 99 white nuclear families and 102 pairs from 115 black family units. Steady-state heart rates were measured at the relative intensity of 60% maximal oxygen uptake (HR60) and at the absolute intensity of 50 W (HR50).

CETP genotypes and HDL-cholesterol phenotypes in the HERITAGE Family Study.

Associations between cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) polymorphisms and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels before and after 20 wk of endurance training were investigated in the HERITAGE Family Study. Plasma HDL-c, HDL(2)-c, HDL(3)-c, and apolipoprotein (apo)A1 levels were measured, and 13 CETP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 265 blacks and 486 whites. Three haplotypes defined by SNPs at the -1337, -971, and -629 sites were strongly associated with baseline HDL-c levels in whites.

Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial.

Context: Low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with high risk of mortality, and improvements in fitness are associated with reduced mortality risk. However, a poor understanding of the physical activity-fitness dose response relation remains.

Objective: To examine the effect of 50%, 100%, and 150% of the NIH Consensus Development Panel recommended physical activity dose on fitness in women.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta polymorphisms are associated with physical performance and plasma lipids: the HERITAGE Family Study.

We tested the hypothesis that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARdelta) gene polymorphisms are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and plasma lipid responses to endurance training. Associations between the PPARdelta exon 4 +15 C/T and exon 7 +65 A/G polymorphisms and maximal exercise capacity and plasma lipid responses to 20 wk of endurance training were investigated in healthy white (n = 477) and black (n = 264) subjects. In black subjects, the exon 4 +15 C/C homozygotes showed a smaller training-induced increase in maximal oxygen consumption (P = 0.

Pleiotropic QTL on chromosome 12q23-q24 influences triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: the HERITAGE family study.

To determine whether a common quantitative trait locus (QTL) influences the variation of fasting triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, we used a bivariate multipoint linkage analysis with 654 polymorphic markers in 99 white and 101 black families. The phenotypes were investigated under two conditions: at baseline and after a 20-week exercise training intervention. A maximum genome-wide bivariate LOD score of 3.

Effect of exercise training on in vitro LDL oxidation and free radical-induced hemolysis: the HERITAGE Family Study.

Oxidant stress and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Oxidative modifications of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are thought to play an early and critical role in atherogenesis. LDL oxidation can be reproduced in vitro, but results usually show a large interindividual variation not entirely explained by the environment.

Effect of regular exercise on homocysteine concentrations: the HERITAGE Family Study.

We investigated whether regular aerobic exercise could affect plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), and whether there were sex-related or racial differences in tHcy changes. Data were available for 816 black and white men and women, aged 17-65 years, 711 of whom completed a 20 week aerobic exercise training program. The tHcy concentration was measured in frozen plasma samples by an HPLC method.

Quantitative trait locus on chromosome 20q13 for plasma levels of C-reactive protein in healthy whites: the HERITAGE Family Study.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive marker of systemic low-grade inflammation. Increased plasma levels of CRP predict the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Although genetic factors account for 30-40% of individual differences in plasma CRP levels, genomic regions contributing to CRP levels remain unknown.

The TNF-alpha G-308A polymorphism is associated with C-reactive protein levels: the HERITAGE Family Study.

Objective: Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), stimulate the release of C-reactive protein (CRP). We investigated the association between the TNF-alpha G-308A polymorphism and plasma CRP levels.

Methods: Subjects were 456 White (225 men, 231 women) and 232 Black (83 men, 149 women) healthy adults who underwent a 20-week standardized exercise program in the HERITAGE Family Study.