Automated volumetric flow quantification using angle-corrected color Doppler image.

We have developed a fully automated method for measuring volumetric blood flow with angle-corrected blood velocity from a color Doppler image. By computing the blood flow vector through a conduit, the angle of incidence between the direction of ultrasound beam and the direction of blood flow can be measured to correct the underestimated blood velocity. This correction immediately contributes to the improvement of measurement accuracy.

Developmental Relationships between Reading Comprehension and Deductive Reasoning.

A reading comprehension test and a deductive reasoning test were administered to 720 students in Grades 5 through 8. Each item on the deductive reasoning test consisted of a prose passage containing the premises of a basic logical rule and a question that required students to evaluate a conclusion drawn from these premises. Students' scores on the deductive reasoning test were analyzed according to grade level, level of reading comprehension, and type of logical rule.

Effects of Negation on Adolescents' Class and Conditional Reasoning Abilities.

Sixty adolescents (30 boys and 30 girls) evaluated conclusions for deductive arguments embodying four principles of class reasoning and their logically equivalent isomorphs in conditional reasoning. The presence or absence of the negative "not" was varied systematically in the major premise of the arguments. The results indicated that (a) there was a lack of improvement during early adolescence in the ability to reason with both class and conditional reasoning arguments, (b) the difficulty of specific principles of inference varied according to both the type of reasoning and the location of negation in the major premise, and