Radiation necrosis or tumor progression? A review of the radiographic modalities used in the diagnosis of cerebral radiation necrosis.

Purpose: Cerebral radiation necrosis is a complication of radiation therapy that can be seen months to years following radiation treatment. Differentiating radiation necrosis from tumor progression on standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often difficult and advanced imaging techniques may be needed to make an accurate diagnosis. The purpose of this article is to review the imaging modalities used in differentiating radiation necrosis from tumor progression following radiation therapy for brain metastases.

Use of human tissue stem cell-derived organoid cultures to model enterohepatic circulation.

The use of human tissue stem cell-derived organoids has advanced our knowledge of human physiological and pathophysiological processes that are unable to be studied using other model systems. Increased understanding of human epithelial tissues including intestine, stomach, liver, pancreas, lung, and brain have been achieved using organoids. However, it is not yet clear whether these cultures recapitulate in vivo organ-to-organ signaling or communication.

Postoperative Management of Salivary Gland Tumors.

Salivary gland tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by varied histologies and disease outcomes. Initial treatment for the primary and gross nodal disease is usually surgery. Management of the clinically node-negative neck depends upon the risk of lymph nodal involvement.

Current Landscape and Future Directions on Bladder Sparing Approaches to Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Although radical cystectomy is considered the gold standard approach for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, tri-modal therapy (TMT) is a well-tolerated and efficacious alternative to radical cystectomy that is underutilized in inoperable patients and rarely offered to cystectomy candidates in the USA. Retrospective data suggest similar outcomes between radical cystectomy and TMT after adjusting for patient selection and other confounding factors. Nearly 70-80% of patients can keep their native bladder with favorable post-treatment quality of life metrics.

Treatment Options in Oligometastatic Disease in Prostate Cancer: Thinking Outside the Box.

Due to its relatively indolent disease course, the sensitivity of PSA testing, and the emergence of novel PET imaging, metastatic prostate cancer is particularly likely to present with a limited volume of disease. Patients with up to five metastatic lesions should be considered for an oligometastatic treatment approach. Systemic therapy remains the cornerstone of treatment for these patients.

Locoregional and distant recurrence for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer using AJCC 8 staging.

Introduction: The objective of this study is to evaluate locoregional and distant failure for human papillomavirus-associated (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) using American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition (AJCC 8) staging.

Materials And Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 457 patients with HPV + OPSCC, treated with platinum-based chemoradiation from 2002 to 2018, followed for a median of 4.3 years.

Rethinking the 10-pack-year rule for favorable human papillomavirus-associated oropharynx carcinoma: A multi-institution analysis.

Background: De-intensified treatment strategies for early human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) oropharynx cancer (OPC) rely on selecting patients with an excellent prognosis. The criterion for enrollment in current de-intensification trials is ≤10 pack-years. More nuance to the pack-year criteria may expand enrollment, improve patient outcomes, and prevent overtreatment.

Bladder-sparing treatment of nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Bladder-sparing therapies for the treatment of nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancers are included in both American and European guidelines. Numerous treatment approaches have been described, including partial cystectomy, radiation monotherapy, and radical transurethral resection. However, the most oncologically favorable and well-studied regimen employs a multimodal approach that consists of maximal transurethral resection of the bladder tumor followed by concurrent radiosensitizing chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

COPII Vesicle Transport Is Required for Rotavirus NSP4 Interaction with the Autophagy Protein LC3 II and Trafficking to Viroplasms.

Many viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm dramatically remodel and stimulate the accumulation of host cell membranes for efficient replication by poorly understood mechanisms. For rotavirus, a critical step in virion assembly requires the accumulation of membranes adjacent to virus replication centers called viroplasms. Early electron microscopy studies describe viroplasm-associated membranes as "swollen" endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Human Norovirus Cultivation in Nontransformed Stem Cell-Derived Human Intestinal Enteroid Cultures: Success and Challenges.

Noroviruses, in the genus , are a significant cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans and animals. For almost 50 years, the lack of a cultivation system for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) was a major barrier to understanding virus biology and the development of effective antiviral strategies. This review presents a historical perspective of the development of a cultivation system for HuNoVs in human intestinal epithelial cell cultures.

Patient-reported sexual quality of life after different types of radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy: Analysis of a population-based prospective cohort.

Background: Although patients with prostate cancer face many treatment options, to the authors' knowledge the comparative effects of different surgical and radiotherapy (RT) options on sexual function are unclear.

Methods: In the current study, a population-based cohort of 835 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer from 2011 through 2013 was recruited throughout North Carolina in collaboration with the Rapid Case Ascertainment system of the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry. All men were enrolled prior to treatment and followed prospectively using the validated Prostate Cancer Symptom Indices (PCSI) instrument.

Risk Factors for Progression Among Low-Grade Gliomas After Gross Total Resection and Initial Observation in the Molecular Era.

Purpose: To identify risk factors for progression-free survival (PFS) in the molecular era among patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) who undergo gross total resection (GTR) followed by initial observation.

Methods And Materials: We reviewed patients with World Health Organization grade 2 LGG treated at a single institution. We included only those who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-confirmed GTR followed by initial observation.

Patient-reported Quality of Life Following Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy and Conventionally Fractionated External Beam Radiotherapy Compared with Active Surveillance Among Men with Localized Prostate Cancer.

Background: Evidence supporting the efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for localized prostate cancer is accumulating, but comparative studies of patient-reported quality of life (QOL) following SBRT versus conventionally fractionated external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or active surveillance (AS) are limited.

Objective: To compare QOL of patients pursuing SBRT and EBRT versus AS.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A population-based cohort of 680 men with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer was prospectively enrolled from 2011 to 2013.

Prostate Cancer Patient Characteristics Associated With a Strong Preference to Preserve Sexual Function and Receipt of Active Surveillance.

Background: Men with early-stage prostate cancer have multiple options that have similar oncologic efficacy but vary in terms of their impact on quality of life. In low-risk cancer, active surveillance is the option that best preserves patients' sexual function, but it is unknown if patient preference affects treatment selection. Our objectives were to identify patient characteristics associated with a strong preference to preserve sexual function and to determine whether patient preference and baseline sexual function level are associated with receipt of active surveillance in low-risk cancer.

Gastrointestinal microphysiological systems.

Gastrointestinal diseases are a significant health care and economic burden. Prevention and treatment of these diseases have been limited by the available human biologic models. Microphysiological systems comprise organ-specific human cultures that recapitulate many structural, biological, and functional properties of the organ in smaller scale including aspects of flow, shear stress and chemical gradients.

Association Between Choice of Radical Prostatectomy, External Beam Radiotherapy, Brachytherapy, or Active Surveillance and Patient-Reported Quality of Life Among Men With Localized Prostate Cancer.

Importance: Patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer have to decide among treatment strategies that may differ in their likelihood of adverse effects.

Objective: To compare quality of life (QOL) after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiotherapy, and brachytherapy vs active surveillance.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Population-based prospective cohort of 1141 men (57% participation among eligible men) with newly diagnosed prostate cancer were enrolled from January 2011 through June 2013 in collaboration with the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry.

Functional Coupling of Human Microphysiology Systems: Intestine, Liver, Kidney Proximal Tubule, Blood-Brain Barrier and Skeletal Muscle.

Organ interactions resulting from drug, metabolite or xenobiotic transport between organs are key components of human metabolism that impact therapeutic action and toxic side effects. Preclinical animal testing often fails to predict adverse outcomes arising from sequential, multi-organ metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Human microphysiological systems (MPS) can model these interactions and are predicted to dramatically improve the efficiency of the drug development process.

Management of Node-Positive and Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer.

Historically, stage IV prostate cancer was considered incurable. Although node-positive and oligometastatic prostate cancers are both classified as stage IV, these likely represent distinct clinical groups, and some patients may be curable with aggressive multimodality treatments. There is a lack of randomized evidence, but retrospective studies suggest that radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy may improve survival in these patients.

Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids.

The major barrier to research and development of effective interventions for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) has been the lack of a robust and reproducible in vitro cultivation system. HuNoVs are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. We report the successful cultivation of multiple HuNoV strains in enterocytes in stem cell-derived, nontransformed human intestinal enteroid monolayer cultures.

Replication of Human Norovirus RNA in Mammalian Cells Reveals Lack of Interferon Response.

Unlabelled: Human noroviruses (HuNoVs), named after the prototype strain Norwalk virus (NV), are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Studies on the related murine norovirus (MNV) have demonstrated the importance of an interferon (IFN) response in host control of virus replication, but this remains unclear for HuNoVs. Despite the lack of an efficient cell culture infection system, transfection of stool-isolated NV RNA into mammalian cells leads to viral RNA replication and virus production.

Using big data for quality assessment in oncology.

There is increasing attention in the US healthcare system on the delivery of high-quality care, an issue central to oncology. In the report 'Crossing the Quality Chasm', the Institute of Medicine identified six aims for improving healthcare quality: safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient and equitable. This article describes how current big data resources can be used to assess these six dimensions, and provides examples of published studies in oncology.

Human Intestinal Enteroids: a New Model To Study Human Rotavirus Infection, Host Restriction, and Pathophysiology.

Unlabelled: Human gastrointestinal tract research is limited by the paucity of in vitro intestinal cell models that recapitulate the cellular diversity and complex functions of human physiology and disease pathology. Human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures contain multiple intestinal epithelial cell types that comprise the intestinal epithelium (enterocytes and goblet, enteroendocrine, and Paneth cells) and are physiologically active based on responses to agonists. We evaluated these nontransformed, three-dimensional HIE cultures as models for pathogenic infections in the small intestine by examining whether HIEs from different regions of the small intestine from different patients are susceptible to human rotavirus (HRV) infection.