Meta-analytical estimates of interrater reliability for direct supervisor performance ratings: Optimism under optimal measurement designs.

Performance appraisal (PA) is used for various organizational purposes and is vital to human resources practices. Despite this, current estimates of PA reliability are low, leading to decades of criticism regarding the use of PA in organizational contexts. In this article, we argue that current meta-analytical interrater reliability (IRR) coefficients are underestimates and do not reflect the reliability of interest to most practitioners and researchers-the reliability of an employee's direct supervisor.

Turning words into numbers: Assessing work attitudes using natural language processing.

Researchers and practitioners are often interested in assessing employee attitudes and work perceptions. Although such perceptions are typically measured using Likert surveys or some other closed-end numerical rating format, many organizations also have access to large amounts of qualitative employee data. For example, open-ended comments from employee surveys allow workers to provide rich and contextualized perspectives about work.