Multiple factors driving the acquisition efficiency of apple proliferation phytoplasma in .

Unlabelled: Phytoplasmas are bacterial pathogens located in the plant's phloem that are responsible for several plant diseases and are mainly transmitted by phloem-sucking insects. Apple proliferation (AP) is an economically important disease associated with the presence of ' Phytoplasma mali' which is transmitted by two psyllid species. While is a vector in different regions, the vector efficiency of varies between different populations.

Sexually antagonistic selection maintains genetic variance when sexual dimorphism evolves.

Genetic variance () in fitness related traits is often unexpectedly high, evoking the question how can be maintained in the face of selection. Sexually antagonistic (SA) selection favouring alternative alleles in the sexes is common and predicted to maintain , while directional selection should erode it. Both SA and sex-limited directional selection can lead to sex-specific adaptations but how each affect when sexual dimorphism evolves remain experimentally untested.

Limits to environmental masking of genetic quality in sexual signals.

There is considerable debate over the value of male sexual ornaments as signals of genetic quality. Studies alternately report that environmental variation enhances or diminishes the genetic signal, or leads to crossover where genotypes perform well in one environment but poorly in another. A unified understanding is lacking.