The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in lactating dairy goats.

Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for use in cattle to manage pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease, mastitis, and endotoxemia. In the United States, no nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are approved for use in goats, but analgesics are needed for management of painful conditions to improve animal welfare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin in dairy goats to determine a milk withdrawal interval (WDI) to avoid violative residue contamination in the food supply.

Plasma, urine and tissue concentrations of Flunixin and Meloxicam in Pigs.

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the renal clearance of flunixin and meloxicam in pigs and compare plasma and urine concentrations and tissue residues. Urine clearance is important for livestock show animals where urine is routinely tested for these drugs. Fourteen Yorkshire/Landrace cross pigs were housed in individual metabolism cages to facilitate urine collection.

Genetic Parameter Estimates for Metabolizing Two Common Pharmaceuticals in Swine.

In livestock, the regulation of drugs used to treat livestock has received increased attention and it is currently unknown how much of the phenotypic variation in drug metabolism is due to the genetics of an animal. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the amount of phenotypic variation in fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine drug metabolism due to genetics. The population consisted of crossbred female and castrated male nursery pigs ( = 198) that were sired by boars represented by four breeds.

Gene co-expression network analysis identifies porcine genes associated with variation in metabolizing fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine in the liver.

Identifying individual genetic variation in drug metabolism pathways is of importance not only in livestock, but also in humans in order to provide the ultimate goal of giving the right drug at the right dose at the right time. Our objective was to identify individual genes and gene networks involved in metabolizing fenbendazole (FBZ) and flunixin meglumine (FLU) in swine liver. The population consisted of female and castrated male pigs that were sired by boars represented by 4 breeds.

Pharmacokinetic analysis of thymol, carvacrol and diallyl disulfide after intramammary and topical applications in healthy organic dairy cattle.

Mastitis is among the most costly concerns for dairy producers whether cattle are managed conventionally or organically. Unfortunately, there are no USFDA-approved mastitis treatments that allow dairy cows in the United States to maintain organic dairy status. We investigated the plasma pharmacokinetics of three organic mastitis products currently used by organic producers and organic dairy veterinarians.

Skin absorption of six performance amines used in metalworking fluids.

Every year, 10 million workers are exposed to metalworking fluids (MWFs) that may be toxic. There are four types of MWFs: neat oils and three water-based MWFs (soluble oil, semisynthetic and synthetic), which are diluted with water and whose composition varies according to the mineral oils ratio. MWFs also contain various additives.

Surfactant effects on skin absorption of model organic chemicals: implications for dermal risk assessment studies.

Occupational and environmental exposures to chemicals are major potential routes of exposure for direct skin toxicity and for systemic absorption. The majority of these exposures are to complex mixtures, yet most experimental studies to assess topical chemical absorption are conducted neat or in simple aqueous vehicles. A component of many industrial mixtures is surfactants that solubilize ingredients and stabilize mixtures of oily components when present in aqueous vehicles.

Elimination kinetics of tilmicosin following intramammary administration in lactating dairy cattle.

Objective: To determine elimination kinetics of tilmicosin in milk following intramammary administration in lactating dairy cattle.

Design: Prospective pharmacokinetic study.

Animals: 6 lactating dairy cows.

Application of linear solvation energy relationships to a custom-made polyaniline solid-phase microextraction fiber and three commercial fibers.

The term linear solvation energy relationships, LSERs, is considered to be a specific subset of a larger group of thermodynamic relationships called linear free energy relationships. Overall, the LSERs model represents a three-step thermodynamic process. The most recently accepted notation for the LSER equation, proposed by Abraham is given as follows: SP= c+eE+sS+aA+bB+vV where SP is any free energy related property of a solute, such as log K, and each term in the equation represents a specific type of chemical interaction.

Predicting dermal permeability of biocides in commercial cutting fluids using a LSER approach.

The aim of this study is to predict dermal permeability of four phenolic biocides in four different formulations using a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) approach, with a calibrated flow through diffusion cell system. Mathematical descriptors were determined in the laboratory, by mathematical computations, and by statistical methods. Infinite doses of 4 biocides and 25 probe chemicals in water, 17% methanol and 2 commercial metalworking fluids namely Astrocut-C and Tapfree 2 were applied to porcine skin flow through diffusion cells.

Pre-treatment effects of trichloroethylene on the dermal absorption of the biocide, triazine.

Triazine is often added to cutting-fluid formulations in the metal-machining industry as a preservative. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent used for cleaning the cutting fluid or oil from the metal product. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of TCE on the dermal absorption of triazine in an in vitro flow-through diffusion cell system.

Analysis of diltiazem in Lipoderm transdermal gel using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography applied to homogenization and stability studies.

A simple and novel method for the extraction and quantification of diltiazem hydrochloride was developed and applied to homogenization and stability studies. The method used solid phase extraction coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Validation showed inter-day recoveries ranging from 84.

Elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows.

Objective: To determine the elimination kinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride in milk after intramammary administration in lactating dairy cows.

Design: Prospective study.

Animals: 5 lactating dairy cows.

Percutaneous absorption of topical N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET): effects of exposure variables and coadministered toxicants.

Exposure to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) commonly occurs in the general population and has been implicated as a contributory factor to the Gulf War Illness. The focus of the present studies was to determine the effect of coexposure factors, potentially encountered in a military environment, that could modulate transdermal flux of topically applied DEET. Factors investigated were vehicle, dose, coexposure to permethrin, low-level sulfur mustard, occlusion, and simultaneous systemic exposure to pyridostigmine bromide and the nerve agent stimulant diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP).

Analysis of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in porcine skin perfusates using solid-phase extraction disks and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is frequently used as an insect repellent by military and civilian populations. Because dermal exposure has resulted in several cases of DEET toxicosis, there is a need to rapidly and reliably determine DEET concentrations in biological matrices. An improved method for the analysis of DEET was developed for determining transdermal diffusion of low levels of DEET following application to an in vitro porcine skin flow-through diffusion cell system.