Create a culture of experiments in environmental programs.

Organizations need a better "learning by doing" approach.

Correction: Do truth-telling oaths improve honesty in crowd-working?

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

An experimental test of fundraising appeals targeting donor and recipient benefits.

We partnered with Alaska's Pick.Click.Give.

Do truth-telling oaths improve honesty in crowd-working?

This study explores whether an oath to honesty can reduce both shirking and lying among crowd-sourced internet workers. Using a classic coin-flip experiment, we first confirm that a substantial majority of Mechanical Turk workers both shirk and lie when reporting the number of heads flipped. We then demonstrate that lying can be reduced by first asking each worker to swear voluntarily on his or her honor to tell the truth in subsequent economic decisions.

Delayed Presentation of Meconium Ileus in an Infant With Cystic Fibrosis.

Although infants with meconium ileus usually present with apparent symptoms shortly after birth, the diagnosis of meconium ileus and cystic fibrosis (CF) may be delayed, awaiting newborn screening (NBS) results. We present the case of an 11-day-old term girl with delayed passage of meconium at 48 hours who had 2 subsequent small meconium stools over the following week. There was a normal feeding history and no signs of abdominal distension or distress.

Bile Duct Injury in Children: Is There a Role for Early Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography?

 Liver injury is common among pediatric abdominal trauma. Nonoperative management is the standard of care in isolated stable liver injuries. Bile leak is not an uncommon complication in moderate- and high-grade injuries.

Indirect Reciprocity, Resource Sharing, and Environmental Risk: Evidence from Field Experiments in Siberia.

Integrating information from existing research, qualitative ethnographic interviews, and participant observation, we designed a field experiment that introduces idiosyncratic environmental risk and a voluntary sharing decision into a standard public goods game. Conducted with subsistence resource users in rural villages on the Kamchatka Peninsula in Northeast Siberia, we find evidence consistent with a model of indirect reciprocity and local social norms of helping the needy. When participants are allowed to develop reputations in the experiments, as is the case in most small-scale societies, we find that sharing is increasingly directed toward individuals experiencing hardship, good reputations increase aid, and the pooling of resources through voluntary sharing becomes more effective.

The treatment of abdominoscrotal hydrocele: Is there a role for nonoperative management?

Background/purpose: Abdominoscrotal hydrocele (ASH) is an uncommon entity. Until now, the recommended treatment has been surgical. There is only one successful case of nonoperative management reported in literature.

Approaches for the design of reduced toxicant emission cigarettes.

Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases through frequent and prolonged exposure to toxicants. Technologies are being developed to reduce smokers' toxicant exposure, including filter adsorbents, tobacco treatments and substitutes. This study examined the effect of modifications to filter ventilation, variations in cigarette circumference and active charcoal filter length and loading, as well as combinations of these features in a reduced-toxicant prototype (RTP) cigarette, on the yields of toxicants in cigarette smoke.

Human milk fortifier: an occult cause of bowel obstruction in extremely premature neonates.

Background: Human milk fortifier (HMF) is used in neonatal units throughout North America to facilitate growth of preterm infants. Little data is available on the gastrointestinal side effects and potential adverse events. The purpose of this paper was to present a series of infants presenting with bowel obstruction associated with HMF.

The intrathoracic kidney: should we fix it?

Background: Intrathoracic kidney is a rare congenital anomaly, with only 13 cases reported in the pediatric age group over the past 25 years. The relevant literature is limited to individual case reports or small case series with no follow-up data. Both operative and nonoperative management has been advocated.

Multiple persistent ganglioneuromas likely arising from the spontaneous maturation of metastatic neuroblastoma.

A 10-year-old girl with multiple persistent ganglioneuromas originating from the spontaneous maturation of a metastatic neuroblastoma is described. Multiple biopsies confirm progressive maturation and urine catecholamines, which were initially elevated, have normalized over time. The management and risk of malignant transformation of ganglioneuromas is discussed.

Traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the liver and spleen in children: is routine screening warranted?

Background: Although blunt injury to the spleen and liver can lead to pseudoaneurysm formation, current surgical guidelines do not recommend follow-up imaging. Controversy exists regarding the clinical implications of these traumatic pseudoaneurysms as well as their management.

Methods: Retrospective review of children treated nonoperatively for isolated blunt liver and spleen trauma between 1991 and 2008 was undertaken.

Severe genital ulceration in an acute epstein-barr virus infection.

Genital ulceration is a rare manifestation of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We report a girl with severe genital ulceration and tissue necrosis during primary EBV infection that required surgical debridement. The excised genital tissue was EBV polymerase chain reaction-positive whereas in situ hybridization was negative.

Adhesive small bowel obstruction in children: should we still operate?

Purpose: Adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is a significant cause of postoperative morbidity, yet studies characterizing outcomes in children are limited. Our aim was to review our experience to describe the role of operative and nonoperative therapy, markers of outcome, and burden of disease in children.

Materials And Methods: Admissions for ASBO at British Columbia Children's Hospital (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada) identified by International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, codes were reviewed over a 10-year period.

Pre- and postnatal findings in a boy with duplication of the bladder and intestine: report and review.

We describe a boy with a septated bladder and dilated bowel loop found on prenatal ultrasonography. Subsequent prenatal MRI diagnosed a probable caudal duplication anomaly. Postnatal investigations and surgical findings confirmed duplication of bladder, urethra, and bowel from distal ileum to rectum.

Early experience with PET/CT scan in the evaluation of pediatric abdominal neoplasms.

Purpose: Positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) scan provides both functional and anatomical information in a single diagnostic test. It has the potential to be a valuable tool in the evaluation of pediatric abdominal tumors. The goal of this study is to report our early experience with this technology.

The design of water markets when instream flows have value.

The main objective of this paper is to design and test a decentralized exchange mechanism that generates the location-specific pricing necessary to achieve efficient allocations in the presence of instream flow values. Although a market-oriented approach has the potential to improve upon traditional command and control regulations, questions remain about how these rights-based institutions can be implemented such that the potential gains from liberalized trade can be realized. This article uses laboratory experiments to test three different water market institutions designed to incorporate instream flow values into the allocation mechanism through active participation of an environmental trader.

The frequency of apneas in premature infants after inguinal hernia repair: do they need overnight monitoring in the intensive care unit?

Background: Postoperative apneas are reported in up to 49% of premature infants undergoing anesthesia for inguinal hernia repair. Our current practice is to monitor all of these babies in the intensive care unit (ICU) overnight after surgery. In addition to the considerable expense to the health care system, these cases are cancelled if no ICU bed is available.

Precise synthesis of poly(macromonomer)s containing sugars by repetitive ROMP and their attachments to poly(ethylene glycol): synthesis, TEM analysis and their properties as amphiphilic block fragments.

Various poly(macromonomer)s (PMMs) have been prepared by a repeating ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) technique using the well-defined molybdenum initiators of the type, [Mo(CHCMe(2)Ph)(NAr)(OR)(2)] with OR=OCMe(3), OCMeC(CF(3))(2); Ar=2,6-iPr(2)C(6)H(3), 2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3). The synthetic strategy is based on the polymerization of norbornene and its derivatives affording di- and triblock side chains bearing sugars (mannose, galactose, glucose etc.), linked via O- (ester), and glycosidase resistant C- (isoxazoline) glycosides.

Necrotizing soft tissue infections--are they different in healthy vs immunocompromised children?

Purpose: Necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) is rare and often devastating. We sought to define our experience and determine if differences in immune status influenced outcome.

Methods: A retrospective review (1993-2004), with institutional review board approval, was undertaken on children with NSTI.