Mimicking lightning-induced electrochemistry on the early Earth.

To test the hypothesis that an abiotic Earth and its inert atmosphere could form chemically reactive carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds, we designed a plasma electrochemical setup to mimic lightning-induced electrochemistry under steady-state conditions of the early Earth. Air-gap electrochemical reactions at air-water-ground interfaces lead to remarkable yields, with up to 40 moles of carbon dioxide being reduced into carbon monoxide and formic acid, and 3 moles of gaseous nitrogen being fixed into nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ions, per mole of transmitted electrons. Interfaces enable reactants (e.

Experiences of pursuing an intensivist career in regional and rural Australia: An interview study.

The regional and rural intensivist workforce is vital to delivering high standards of healthcare to all Australians. Currently, there is an impending workforce disaster, with higher senior medical officer vacancy rates among regional and rural intensive care units, with these units being staffed by junior doctors who are in earlier stages of their training, which in turn increases supervisory burden. There is a lack of comprehensive literature on the barriers and enablers of training, recruiting and retaining regional and rural intensivists.

Method for the production of a compact source of atomic line spectra in the vacuum ultraviolet.

Atomic emission spectra provide a means to identify and to gain insight into the electronic structure of emitting or absorbing matter. Detailed procedures are provided for the construction of low-pressure electrodeless discharge lamps that yield targeted emission in the vacuum ultraviolet for the spectroscopic study of water vapor and halogen species aboard an array of airborne observation platforms in the upper atmosphere, as well as in laboratory environments. While specific to the production of Lyman-alpha, atomic chlorine, and atomic bromine emissions in this study, the configuration of the lamps and their interchangeability with respect to operation lend these procedures to constructing sources engaging a wide selection of atomic and molecular spectra with straightforward modifications.

Impact of the Hunga Tonga volcanic eruption on stratospheric composition.

The explosive eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano on 15 January 2022 injected more water vapor into the stratosphere and to higher altitudes than ever observed in the satellite era. Here, the evolution of the stratospherically injected water vapor is examined as a function of latitude, altitude, and time in the year following the eruption (February to December 2022), and perturbations to stratospheric chemical composition resulting from the increased sulfate aerosols and water vapor are identified and analyzed. The average calculated mass distribution of elevated water vapor between hemispheres is approximately 78% Southern Hemisphere (SH) and 22% Northern Hemisphere in 2022.

Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes through 1 year of life in infants born prematurely: a population based study in California.

Objectives: To investigate racial/ethnic differences in rehospitalization and mortality rates among premature infants over the first year of life.

Study Design: A retrospective cohort study of infants born in California from 2011 to 2017 (n = 3,448,707) abstracted from a California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database. Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier tables and logistic regression controlling for health and sociodemographic characteristics were used to predict outcomes by race/ethnicity.

Newborn metabolic vulnerability profile identifies preterm infants at risk for mortality and morbidity.

Background: Identifying preterm infants at risk for mortality or major morbidity traditionally relies on gestational age, birth weight, and other clinical characteristics that offer underwhelming utility. We sought to determine whether a newborn metabolic vulnerability profile at birth can be used to evaluate risk for neonatal mortality and major morbidity in preterm infants.

Methods: This was a population-based retrospective cohort study of preterm infants born between 2005 and 2011 in California.

The role of health literacy, depression, disease knowledge, and self-efficacy in self-care among adults with heart failure: An updated model.

Background: Patients with inadequate health literacy and heart failure face high healthcare costs, more hospitalizations, and greater mortality. To address these negative consequences, patients need to improve heart failure self-care. Multiple factors may influence self-care, but the exact model by which they do so is not fully understood.

Maternal anemia and pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study.

Objective: This study aims to describe adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in women diagnosed with anemia in pregnancy.

Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study of California live births from 2007-2012, linked to maternal and infant hospital discharge records. Relative risks of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were calculated for women with and without anemia.

Initial Metabolic Profiles Are Associated with 7-Day Survival among Infants Born at 22-25 Weeks of Gestation.

Objective: To evaluate the association between early metabolic profiles combined with infant characteristics and survival past 7 days of age in infants born at 22-25 weeks of gestation.

Study Design: This nested case-control consisted of 465 singleton live births in California from 2005 to 2011 at 22-25 weeks of gestation. All infants had newborn metabolic screening data available.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Preterm Infant Mortality and Severe Morbidity: A Population-Based Study.

Background: Disparities exist in the rates of preterm birth and infant mortality across different racial/ethnic groups. However, only a few studies have examined the impact of race/ethnicity on the outcomes of premature infants.

Objective: To report the rates of mortality and severe neonatal morbidity among multiple gestational age (GA) groups stratified by race/ethnicity.

Stratospheric ozone over the United States in summer linked to observations of convection and temperature via chlorine and bromine catalysis.

We present observations defining () the frequency and depth of convective penetration of water into the stratosphere over the United States in summer using the Next-Generation Radar system; () the altitude-dependent distribution of inorganic chlorine established in the same coordinate system as the radar observations; () the high resolution temperature structure in the stratosphere over the United States in summer that resolves spatial and structural variability, including the impact of gravity waves; and () the resulting amplification in the catalytic loss rates of ozone for the dominant halogen, hydrogen, and nitrogen catalytic cycles. The weather radar observations of ∼2,000 storms, on average, each summer that reach the altitude of rapidly increasing available inorganic chlorine, coupled with observed temperatures, portend a risk of initiating rapid heterogeneous catalytic conversion of inorganic chlorine to free radical form on ubiquitous sulfate-water aerosols; this, in turn, engages the element of risk associated with ozone loss in the stratosphere over the central United States in summer based upon the same reaction network that reduces stratospheric ozone over the Arctic. The summertime development of the upper-level anticyclonic flow over the United States, driven by the North American Monsoon, provides a means of retaining convectively injected water, thereby extending the time for catalytic ozone loss over the Great Plains.

Your Health Care May Kill You: Medical Errors.

Recent studies of medical errors have estimated errors may account for as many as 251,000 deaths annually in the United States (U.S)., making medical errors the third leading cause of death.

Survival and Major Morbidity of Extremely Preterm Infants: A Population-Based Study.

Objectives: To assess the rates of mortality and major morbidity among extremely preterm infants born in California and to examine the rates of neonatal interventions and timing of death at each gestational age.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of all California live births from 2007 through 2011 linked to vital statistics and hospital discharge records, whose best-estimated gestational age at birth was 22 through 28 weeks. Major morbidities were based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes.

Violent injuries and regional correlates among women in China: results from 21 cities study in China.

Background: Ecological models depict violent injuries against women being influenced by both individual and environmental characteristics. However, only few studies examined the association between regional variables and the likelihood of violent injuries. Our study is a preliminary assessment of the impact of regional variables on the likelihood that a woman has experienced violent injuries.

Pre-migration Trauma Exposure and Psychological Distress for Asian American Immigrants: Linking the Pre- and Post-migration Contexts.

Drawing on the life course perspective and the assumptive world theory, this paper examines whether pre-migration trauma exposure is associated with psychological distress through post-migration perceived discrimination for Asian American immigrants. The study is based on cross-sectional data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (N = 1639). Structural equation model is used to estimate the relationship between pre-migration trauma, post-migration perceived discrimination, and psychological distress.

The impact of university provided nurse electronic medical record training on health care organizations: an exploratory simulation approach.

Training providers appropriately, particularly early in their caregiving careers, is an important aspect of electronic medical record (EMR) implementation. Considerable time and resources are needed to bring the newly hired providers 'up to speed' with the actual use practices of the organization. Similarly, universities lose valuable clinical training hours when students are required to spend those hours learning organization-specific EMR systems in order to participate in care during clinical rotations.

Stratospheric controlled perturbation experiment: a small-scale experiment to improve understanding of the risks of solar geoengineering.

Although solar radiation management (SRM) through stratospheric aerosol methods has the potential to mitigate impacts of climate change, our current knowledge of stratospheric processes suggests that these methods may entail significant risks. In addition to the risks associated with current knowledge, the possibility of 'unknown unknowns' exists that could significantly alter the risk assessment relative to our current understanding. While laboratory experimentation can improve the current state of knowledge and atmospheric models can assess large-scale climate response, they cannot capture possible unknown chemistry or represent the full range of interactive atmospheric chemical physics.

Impact of role models and policy exposure on support for tobacco control policies in Hangzhou, China.

Objectives: To examine how expectations of role models concerning smoking and exposure to tobacco control policies are associated with people's support for smoking bans.

Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted using multistage sampling. Employed structural equation modeling to examine the relationships and multi-group analysis to compare cross-group difference between smokers and non-smokers.

Co-worker characteristics and nurses' safety-climate perceptions.

Purpose: Previous research indicates that nurses' safety-climate perceptions are influenced by individual nurse characteristics, leadership, staffing levels and workplace structure. No literature was identified that explored the relationship between nurses' safety climate perceptions and staffing composition in a particular hospital unit. This paper aims to fill some of the gaps in the research in this area.

Lifestyle behavior change and repeat health risk appraisal participation: a structural equation modeling approach.

Purpose: Health risk appraisals (HRAs) have been used to address multiple health concerns and lifestyle behaviors. We explore the longitudinal relationship between emotional health, stage of change for five lifestyle behaviors, and lifestyle risks using HRA-generated data.

Design: Secondary analysis of 3 years of HRA data.

Adolescent and young adult understanding of the differences between chlamydia, HIV, and AIDS.

Objective: To explore young people's understanding of the differences between Chlamydia, HIV, and AIDS. METHODS. Participants from a hospital-based adolescent clinic completed a self-administered written survey.

Single-mode 2.65 µm InGaAsSb/AlInGaAsSb laterally coupled distributed-feedback diode lasers for atmospheric gas detection.

We demonstrate index-coupled distributed-feedback diode lasers at 2.65 µm that are capable of tuning across strong absorption lines of HDO and other isotopologues of H2O. The lasers employ InGaAsSb/AlInGaAsSb multi-quantum-well structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb, and single-mode emission is generated using laterally coupled second-order Bragg gratings etched alongside narrow ridge waveguides.

What nurses are talking about: content and community within a nursing online forum.

There is little research on the use of online forums by nursing professionals as a way of creating community and exchanging professional knowledge. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of an online nursing forum to determine the potential of online forums to constitute a community of practice among nurses. We examined one month of thread topics from a nursing focused general discussion forum and categorized (294 discussion threads) according to content.

UV dosage levels in summer: increased risk of ozone loss from convectively injected water vapor.

The observed presence of water vapor convectively injected deep into the stratosphere over the United States can fundamentally change the catalytic chlorine/bromine free-radical chemistry of the lower stratosphere by shifting total available inorganic chlorine into the catalytically active free-radical form, ClO. This chemical shift markedly affects total ozone loss rates and makes the catalytic system extraordinarily sensitive to convective injection into the mid-latitude lower stratosphere in summer. Were the intensity and frequency of convective injection to increase as a result of climate forcing by the continued addition of CO(2) and CH(4) to the atmosphere, increased risk of ozone loss and associated increases in ultraviolet dosage would follow.