In vitro neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells using a low-density mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder protocol.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into all components of the embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) and subsequently all cell types that comprise human tissues. HESCs can potentially provide an extraordinary source of cells for tissue engineering and great insight into early embryonic development. Much attention has been given to the possibility that hESCs and their derivatives may someday play major roles in the study of the development, disease therapeutics, and repair of injuries to the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Leptin increases proliferation of human steosarcoma cells through activation of PI(3)-K and MAPK pathways.

Background: Serum leptin levels are strongly and directly related to fat body mass (FBM). Bone mineral density (BMD) increases with FBM, and obesity has a protective effect against osteoporosis. We have previously demonstrated that leptin therapy has a significant effect in preventing ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats and leptin also exerts direct osteogenic effects in vitro.

Is ghrelin the culprit for weight loss after gastric bypass surgery? A negative answer.

Background: Ghrelin is a potent appetite stimulator, mainly synthesized in the stomach. Paradoxically, obese subjects have lower plasma ghrelin than lean subjects and increase their weight in spite of low ghrelin levels. The role of ghrelin in weight regulation after bariatric surgery is still controversial.