Neuroanatomical Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common chromosomal microdeletion, presents as a heterogeneous phenotype characterized by an array of anatomical, behavioral, and cognitive abnormalities.

Unruptured Arteriovenous Malformations in the Multidetector Computed Tomography Era: Frequency of Detection and Predictable Failures.

Objectives: While hemorrhage arising from ruptured arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is usually evident on multidetector non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT), unruptured AVMs can be below the limits of detection. We performed a retrospective review of NCCT of patients with a proven diagnosis of unruptured AVM to determine if advances in CT technology have made them more apparent and what features predict their detection.

Material And Methods: Twenty-five NCCTs met inclusion criteria of having angiography or MR proven AVM without hemorrhage, prior surgery, or other CNS disease.

Effects of copy number variations on brain structure and risk for psychiatric illness: Large-scale studies from the ENIGMA working groups on CNVs.

The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis copy number variant (ENIGMA-CNV) and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Groups (22q-ENIGMA WGs) were created to gain insight into the involvement of genetic factors in human brain development and related cognitive, psychiatric and behavioral manifestations. To that end, the ENIGMA-CNV WG has collated CNV and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from ~49,000 individuals across 38 global research sites, yielding one of the largest studies to date on the effects of CNVs on brain structures in the general population.

Changes in brain functional connectivity and cognition related to white matter lesion burden in hypertensive patients from SPRINT.

Purpose: Hypertension is a risk factor for cognitive impairment; however, the mechanisms leading to cognitive changes remain unclear. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluate the impact of white matter lesion (WML) burden on brain functional connectivity (FC) and cognition in a large cohort of hypertensive patients from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) at baseline.

Methods: Functional networks were identified from baseline resting state functional MRI scans of 660 SPRINT participants using independent component analysis.

Lower Respiratory Tract Infection with Human Metapneumovirus: Chest CT Imaging Features and Comparison with Other Viruses.

Purpose: Human metapneumovirus has been increasingly identified as a cause of lower respiratory tract infection in adults worldwide. The CT imaging features of human metapneumovirus in adults have not been characterized. The purpose of this paper is to determine the imaging features of human metapneumovirus and to compare them with features of other viruses.

Epilepsy Lesion Localization is not Predicted by Developmental Venous Anomaly Location or its FDG-PET Metabolic Activity.

Background And Purpose: This study's purpose is to correlate location and metabolic activity of developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) in epilepsy patients to the seizure focus as determined by ictal/interictal encephaloelectrogram (EEG).

Methods: A retrospective search was performed for epilepsy patients with DVAs who underwent brain F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ( F-FDG-PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI exams were analyzed to characterize DVA location and associated structural findings.

Reduced Intercarotid Artery Distance in Syndromic and Isolated Brachycephaly.

Introduction: The morphology of the skull base can be altered in craniosynostoses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the reduced intercarotid artery distance in the lacerum segment in patients with syndromic and isolated brachycephaly.

Materials And Methods: The distances between the inner walls of the carotid canal at the lacerum segment were measured on high-resolution CT scans in children with Crouzon (25), Pfeiffer (21), Apert (26), Saethre-Chotzen (7) syndromes, isolated bicoronal synostosis (9), and compared to an age-matched control group (30).

Trends in Fluoroscopy Time in Fluoroscopy-Guided Lumbar Punctures Performed by Trainees Over an Academic Year.

Rationale And Objectives: Fluoroscopy-guided lumbar puncture (FGLP) is an operator-dependent procedure that can contribute to lifetime cumulative radiation dose. Benchmark fluoroscopic times (FTs) have been published for ranges of body mass index (BMI), but trends in FT in FGLPs performed by neuroradiology trainees during their training have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trends in FTs in FGLPs performed by neuroradiology fellows in an academic year.

Back to the future: sagittal CT in the evaluation of COPD.

Objectives: To identify features of obstructive airway disease on sagittal reconstruction, compare the accuracy of findings to traditional imaging characteristics of COPD, and determine the fraction of additional cases identified using new characteristics.

Methods: The study was approved by the centre's Institutional Review Board and is HIPAA compliant. Two hundred sixteen patients with HRCT and spirometry within a 3-month window were included.

Utility of fat-suppressed sequences in differentiation of aggressive vs typical asymptomatic haemangioma of the spine.

Objective: While haemangiomas are common benign vascular lesions involving the spine, some behave in an aggressive fashion. We investigated the utility of fat-suppressed sequences to differentiate between benign and aggressive vertebral haemangiomas.

Methods: Patients with the diagnosis of aggressive vertebral haemangioma and available short tau inversion-recovery or T2 fat saturation sequence were included in the study.

Small pulmonary artery defects are not reliable indicators of pulmonary embolism.

Objectives: To evaluate the rate of agreement of pulmonary embolism diagnosis in computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiogram studies and to evaluate the rate of inaccurate interpretations in the community hospital setting.

Methods: Using the keywords "pulmonary embolism/embolus/emboli," the radiology information system was searched for CT pulmonary angiograms performed over a 3-year period at three U.S.

Match day: online search trends reflect growing interest in IR training.

Google Trends was used to characterize the relationship between the interventional radiology (IR) applicant pool and related Internet queries for "IR fellowship" from July 2006 to July 2013. Results were compared with National Residency Match Panel data by regression analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Search traffic for IR fellowship demonstrated a statistically significant linear annual increase (R(2) = 0.

Pilot multimodal twin imaging study of generalized anxiety disorder.

Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common chronic condition that is relatively understudied compared to other psychiatric syndromes. Neuroimaging studies have begun to implicate particular neural structures and circuitry in its pathophysiology; however, no genetically informative research has examined the potential sources of reported brain differences.

Methods: We acquired spectroscopic, volumetric, and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging data from a pilot study of 34 female subjects selected from monozygotic twin pairs based upon their affection status for GAD, and examined brain regions previously implicated in fear and anxiety for their relationship with affection status and genetic risk.

A bivariate twin study of regional brain volumes and verbal and nonverbal intellectual skills during childhood and adolescence.

Twin studies indicate that both intelligence and brain structure are moderately to highly heritable. Recent bivariate studies of adult twins also suggest that intelligence and brain morphometry are influenced by shared genetic factors. The current study examines shared genetic and environmental factors between brain morphometry and intelligence in a sample of children and adolescents (twins, twin siblings, and singletons; n = 649, ages 4-19).

Genetic and environmental contributions to neonatal brain structure: A twin study.

Twin studies have found that global brain volumes, including total intracranial volume (ICV), total gray matter, and total white matter volumes are highly heritable in adults and older children. Very little is known about genetic and environmental contributions to brain structure in very young children and whether these contributions change over the course of development. We performed structural imaging on a 3T MR scanner of 217 neonatal twins, 41 same-sex monozygotic, 50 same-sex dizygotic pairs, and 35 "single" twins-neonates with brain scans unavailable for their co-twins.

Efficient calculation of empirical P-values for genome-wide linkage analysis through weighted permutation.

Linkage analysis in multivariate or longitudinal context presents both statistical and computational challenges. The permutation test can be used to avoid some of the statistical challenges, but it substantially adds to the computational burden. Utilizing the distributional dependencies between p (defined as the proportion of alleles at a locus that are identical by descent (IBD) for a pairs of relatives, at a given locus) and the permutation test we report a new method of efficient permutation.

Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence.

In this report, we present the first regional quantitative analysis of age-related differences in the heritability of cortical thickness using anatomic MRI with a large pediatric sample of twins, twin siblings, and singletons (n = 600, mean age 11.1 years, range 5-19). Regions of primary sensory and motor cortex, which develop earlier, both phylogenetically and ontologically, show relatively greater genetic effects earlier in childhood.

Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging of pediatric twins.

To explore the relative impact of genetic and nongenetics factors on human brain anatomy during childhood and adolescence development, a collaborative team from the Child Psychiatry Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health and Virginia Commonwealth University is applying structural equation modeling to brain morphometric data acquired via magnetic resonance imaging from a large sample of monozygotic and dizygotic pediatric subjects. In this report, we discuss methodologic issues related to pediatric neuroimaging twin studies and synthesize results to date from the project. Current sample size from the ongoing longitudinal study is approximately 150 twin pairs.