Marine brevetoxin induces IgE-independent mast cell activation.

Brevetoxins (PbTx) are sodium channel neurotoxins produced by the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis during red tide blooms. Inhalation of PbTx in normal individuals and individuals with pre-existing airways disease results in adverse airway symptoms including bronchoconstriction. In animal models of allergic inflammation, inhalation of PbTx results in a histamine H₁-mediated bronchoconstriction suggestive of mast cell activation.

Brevetoxin 2 alters expression of apoptotic, DNA damage, and cytokine genes in Jurkat cells.

Brevetoxins are potent neurotoxins that exert their toxicity through activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. Exposure to brevetoxins cause severe respiratory inflammation in marine mammals and humans. Brevetoxin activation of voltage-gated sodium channels on immune cells can lead to several biological responses including cell proliferation, gene transcription, cytokine production and even apoptosis.

Brevetoxins 2, 3, 6, and 9 show variability in potency and cause significant induction of DNA damage and apoptosis in Jurkat E6-1 cells.

Brevetoxins (PbTx) are potent lipid soluble polyether neurotoxins produced by the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis, an organism linked to periodic red tide blooms. Brevetoxins exert their toxicity by interacting with neurotoxin receptor site five associated with domain IV of the alpha subunit of the voltage gated sodium channel. Brevetoxin binding to tissues that contain voltage gated sodium channels on excitable cells results in membrane depolarization, repetitive firing, and increase in sodium currents.

Glycoalkaloid responses of potato to Colorado potato beetle defoliation.

Two experiments were conducted to measure the glycoalkaloid concentrations of potato tubers in response to Colorado potato beetle and manual defoliation. For plants defoliated by Colorado potato beetles, there was a significantly greater production of glycoalkaloids than in control plants and manually defoliated plants for both skin and inner tissue of tubers in experiment 1. In experiment 1, there was a 58.

The effect of brevenal on brevetoxin-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes.

Brevenal is a nontoxic short-chain trans-syn polyether that competes with brevetoxin (PbTx) for the active site on voltage-sensitive sodium channels. The PbTxs are highly potent polyether toxins produced during blooms of several species of marine dinoflagellates, most notably Karenia brevis. Blooms of K.

Can claims, misleading information, and manufacturing issues regarding dietary supplements be improved in the United States?

The safety and effectiveness of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are assessed through the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) OTC drug review. Prescription drugs are approved through the rigorous new drug application (NDA) process. In contrast, dietary supplements are regulated as foods, and the FDA must determine that a dietary supplement ingredient poses a "significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury" instead of requiring the manufacturer to provide safety data.