Cross-sectional comparisons of gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acid levels among children with varied weight classifications.

Background: Limited studies associate changes in microbiota composition and metabolites among children and adolescents with obesity. Decreases in compositional diversity, increases in the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (F/B ratio) and increases in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been proposed as contributing factors in the pathophysiology of obesity.

Objectives: The aim of the current study was to characterize the faecal microbiota composition, diversity, F/B ratio and SCFA levels in different weight categories (lean, overweight, obesity classes 1-3) of children ages 5 to 12 years.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the setting of anti-tumor necrosis factor and immunomodulator therapy: A case report and literature review.

Immunosuppressive therapy is well recognized as increasing the risk of lymphoma. Mycosis fungoides is a rare cutaneous form of T-cell lymphoma with a largely unknown etiology and not typically associated with immunosuppression. In this article, we describe our encounter with a 24-year-old male with Crohn's disease in remission on immunotherapy, specifically dual therapy with azathioprine and infliximab, presenting with a facial rash found to be consistent with mycosis fungoides on biopsy.

Changes in metformin use and other antihyperglycemic therapies after insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aims: When patients with type 2 diabetes initiate insulin, metformin should be continued while continuation of other antihyperglycemics has unclear benefit. We aimed to identify practice patterns in antihyperglycemic therapy during the insulin transition, and determine factors associated with metformin continuation.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial which randomized overweight/obese adults under ambulatory care for type 2 diabetes to an intensive lifestyle intervention or diabetes support and education.

Diabetes regulates fructose absorption through thioredoxin-interacting protein.

Metabolic studies suggest that the absorptive capacity of the small intestine for fructose is limited, though the molecular mechanisms controlling this process remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip), which regulates glucose homeostasis in mammals, binds to fructose transporters and promotes fructose absorption by the small intestine. Deletion of in mice reduced fructose transport into the peripheral bloodstream and liver, as well as the severity of adverse metabolic outcomes resulting from long-term fructose consumption.

Thioredoxin-interacting protein regulates protein disulfide isomerases and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for protein folding, modification, and trafficking. Accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins represents the condition of ER stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), a key mechanism linking supply of excess nutrients to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obesity. The ER harbors proteins that participate in protein folding including protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs).