Increased topical generic prices by manufacturers.

Background: There is limited data regarding generic medication prices. Recent studies have shown price changes at the retail level, but much is not known about the pharmaceutical supply chain or price changes at the manufacturer level.

Objective: We sought to examine the extent of price changes for topical generic medications.

Advanced wound care therapies for nonhealing diabetic, venous, and arterial ulcers: a systematic review.

Background: Nonhealing ulcers affect patient quality of life and impose a substantial financial burden on the health care system.

Purpose: To systematically evaluate benefits and harms of advanced wound care therapies for nonhealing diabetic, venous, and arterial ulcers.

Data Sources: MEDLINE (1995 to June 2013), the Cochrane Library, and reference lists.

Induction of a stress response in Lactococcus lactis is associated with a resistance to ribosomally active antibiotics.

The acquisition of multidrug resistance in bacteria underlies the failure of antimicrobial therapy, and the emergence of pathogens that are resistant to almost the entire armoury of antibiotics. Among the proteins that can mediate or contribute to the drug-resistance profile in Gram-positive bacteria is a subset of ATP-binding cassette proteins that are comprised of a tandem-repeated nucleotide-binding domain. In this study, we expressed one of these NBD(2) proteins, LmrC, in an antibiotic-sensitive Gram-positive host strain (Lactococcus lactis) and demonstrated the acquisition of resistance to ribosomally active antibiotics.

Heterologous expression of a membrane-spanning auxin importer: implications for functional analyses of auxin transporters.

Biochemical studies of plant auxin transporters in vivo are made difficult by the presence of multiple auxin transporters and auxin-interacting proteins. Furthermore, the expression level of most such transporters in plants is likely to be too low for purification and downstream functional analysis. Heterologous expression systems should address both of these issues.