Neural and Cognitive Predictors of Stimulant Treatment Efficacy in Medication-Naïve ADHD Adults: A Pilot Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.

Objective: Stimulant medications are the main treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but overall treatment efficacy in adults has less than a 60% response rate. This study aimed to identify neural and cognitive markers predictive of longitudinal improvement in response to stimulant treatment in drug-naïve adults with ADHD.

Method: We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and executive function measures with 36 drug-naïve adult ADHD patients in a prospective study design.

Distinct and shared white matter abnormalities when ADHD is comorbid with ASD: A preliminary diffusion tensor imaging study.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common neurodevelopmental disorder, is the most frequent comorbid condition seen in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This high comorbidity between ADHD and ASD worsens symptom manifestations and complicates disease treatment and prognosis. It remains unclear whether individuals suffering with both ADHD and ASD, compared to individuals with ADHD only, share overlapping neural correlates associated with ADHD neuropathology, or exhibit a distinct neuropathological profile.

Association between frontal cortico-limbic white-matter microstructure and risk for pediatric depression.

This study aimed to identify white-matter microstructural characteristics associated with risk for pediatric major depressive disorder (MDD) measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Anxiety/Depression scores. Children (N = 32) of both sexes, aged 6-12, underwent T1-weighted whole-head anatomical and diffusion-weighted imaging. Each participant's mean diffusion measure image was generated and thinned to create an alignment-invariant tract representation.

Prediction of stimulus-independent and task-unrelated thought from functional brain networks.

Neural substrates of "mind wandering" have been widely reported, yet experiments have varied in their contexts and their definitions of this psychological phenomenon, limiting generalizability. We aimed to develop and test the generalizability, specificity, and clinical relevance of a functional brain network-based marker for a well-defined feature of mind wandering-stimulus-independent, task-unrelated thought (SITUT). Combining functional MRI (fMRI) with online experience sampling in healthy adults, we defined a connectome-wide model of inter-regional coupling-dominated by default-frontoparietal control subnetwork interactions-that predicted trial-by-trial SITUT fluctuations within novel individuals.

Cingulum-Callosal white-matter microstructure associated with emotional dysregulation in children: A diffusion tensor imaging study.

Emotional dysregulation symptoms in youth frequently predispose individuals to increased risk for mood disorders and other mental health difficulties. These symptoms are also known as a behavioral risk marker in predicting pediatric mood disorders. The underlying neural mechanism of emotional dysregulation, however, remains unclear.