AFM exposure in male balb/c mice and intervention strategies against its immuno-physiological toxicity using clay mineral and lactic acid bacteria alone or in combination.

Context: Aflatoxins are the most harmful mycotoxins that cause human and animal health concerns. Aflatoxin M (AFM) is the primary hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B and is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and immunotoxicity in humans and animals. Because of the important role of dairy products in human life, especially children, AFM is such a major concern to humans because of its frequent occurrence in dairy products at concentrations high enough to cause adverse effects to human and animal health.

Mycotoxin Occurrence in Milk and Durum Wheat Samples from Tunisia Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection.

Food and feed contamination with mycotoxins is a major public health concern. Humans and animals are exposed to these toxins by consuming contaminated products throughout their lives. In this study, a method based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), followed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD), was validated for the determination of aflatoxins (AFs) M1, B1, B2, G1, G2, zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA).

Biodiversity and biotechnological properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional Moroccan sourdoughs.

The present study aimed at characterizing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from traditional sourdoughs collected in different regions of Morocco. Isolated strains were firstly identified using Gram staining and catalase reaction test. Presumptive LAB strains were then checked for various phenotypical properties including growth at 45 °C, resistance to NaCl, enzyme production, acidification capacity, diacetyl and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and antifungal activity.

The Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Cow Milk Collected from Tunisia during a Hot Lactating Season.

Milk is a staple food that is essential for human nutrition because of its high nutrient content and health benefits. However, it is susceptible to being contaminated by Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is a toxic metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) presented in cow feeds. This research investigated AFM1 in Tunisian raw cow milk samples.

Occurrence of pre- and postharvest multi-mycotoxins in durum wheat grains collected in 2020 and 2021 in two climatic regions of Tunisia.

Twenty two mycotoxins in 136 durum wheat collected from Tunisia in 2020 and 2021 were investigated. Mycotoxins were analyzed by UHPLCMS/MS. In 2020, 60.

Prevention and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Human Food and Animal Feed using Bio-resources from South Mediterranean Countries: a Critical Review.

Mycotoxins, which are natural toxic compounds produced by filamentous fungi, are considered major contaminants in the food and feed chain due to their stability during processing. Their impacts in food and feedstuff pollution were accentuated due the climate change in the region. They are characterized by their toxicological effects on human and animal health but also by their harmful economic impact.

Mycotoxins occurrence in milk and cereals in North African countries - a review.

North African countries; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia suffer from mycotoxin contamination. Various studies have indicated the presence of mycotoxins in raw milk and cereals (i.e.

The ameliorative effect of BEJ01 against FB1 induced spermatogenesis disturbance, testicular oxidative stress and histopathological damage.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a possible carcinogenic molecule for humans as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2B group. In livestock, it is responsible for several mycotoxicoses and economic losses. strains, inhabitants of a wide range of foodstuffs and the gastrointestinal tract, are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Potential protective effect of lactic acid bacteria against zearalenone causing reprotoxicity in male mice.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a worldwide fusarotoxin that poses a threat to the consumer due to its chronic toxicity. Herein we examined the effects of ZEN on adult mouse testis, focusing on oxidative stress, biochemical and morphological parameters. In addition, since cytoskeletal remodeling is a key event for the production of good quality gametes, the expression and localization of two proteins, Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 (DAAM1) and Prolyl endopeptidase (PREP), involved in cytoskeletal dynamics during spermatogenesis were evaluated.

Aflatoxin M1 in Africa: Exposure Assessment, Regulations, and Prevention Strategies - A Review.

Aflatoxins are the most harmful mycotoxins causing health problems to human and animal. Many acute aflatoxin outbreaks have been reported in Africa, especially in Kenya and Tanzania. When ingested, aflatoxin B1 is converted by hydroxylation in the liver into aflatoxin M1, which is excreted in milk of dairy females and in urine of exposed populations.

Efficacy of lactic acid bacteria supplementation against Fusarium graminearum growth in vitro and inhibition of Zearalenone causing inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo.

Fusarium graminearum invasion and Zearalenone (ZEN)-mycotoxin contamination are considered the most global threat to food and feed. This study investigates the effect Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 viable cells (LPVC) and LP free cells supernatant (LPFCS) against Fusarium graminearum growth and ZEN production in vitro and evaluates if treatment with LP viable cells can counteract the negative effect of ZEN on inflammation and oxidative stress in mesenteric lymph nodes and serum biochemical parameters in mice. For the in vitro study, 7 days of LPVC, LPFCS and F.

Immunological effects of AFM1 in experimental subchronic dosing in mice prevented by lactic acid bacteria.

Aim: Recently, higher contamination by aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) has been detected in many countries. Unfortunately, many tons of contaminated milk and milk byproducts are removed from the food chain to avoid human contamination; as a consequence of higher economic losses. Fewest number of studies are interested to AFM1 detoxification using lactic acid bacteria.

Lactobacillus paracasei alleviates genotoxicity, oxidative stress status and histopathological damage induced by Fumonisin B1 in BALB/c mice.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a prevelant mycotoxin in our alimentary chain. It was produced by the fungi of the genus Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. FB1 was playing as a competitive inhibitor of ceramide synthase; a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids.

Zearalenone nephrotoxicity: DNA fragmentation, apoptotic gene expression and oxidative stress protected by Lactobacillus plantarum MON03.

The present study was conducted to determine the abilities of the living Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 cells to degrade Zearalenone (ZEN) in liquid medium, and to elucidate the preventive effect in ZEN-contaminated balb/c mice showing kidney damage. The DNA fragmentation, Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression, caspase-3 activity, mRNA level of inflammation-regulating cytokines and histology of kidney tissues were examined. Female Balb/c mice were divided into four groups (10/group) and treated daily for 2 wk by oral gavage with lactic acid bacteria (L.

Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 counteracts zearalenone génotoxicty in mice: Chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, DNA fragmentation and apoptotique gene expression.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Fusarium species. No treatment has been successfully employed to get rid against ZEN contained in foods and/or mitigates its genotoxicity. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from Tunisia traditional butter, Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 (LP) to protect mice against cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by ZEN.

Review: Biotechnology of mycotoxins detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various toxigenic fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium. They have mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, immunosuppressive and endocrine disrupting effects on both humans and animals. The ubiquitous occurrence and heat stability of these mycotoxins during food and feed processing pose serious health problems in human and animals.

Lactobacillus plantarum alleviate aflatoxins (B and M) induced disturbances in the intestinal genes expression and DNA fragmentation in mice.

This study aimed to assess the disturbances in intestinal genes expression and DNA fragmentation in mice treated orally with aflatoxin B (AFB) or aflatoxin M (AFM) and the protective activity of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP). Male Balb/c mice were divided into 6 groups including the control group, the group treated with 2 mg/kg b.w of LP (2 × 10 cfu/mL), the groups treated with AFB or AFM (100 μg/kg b.

Immuno-physiological alterations from AFB1 in rats counteracted by treatments with Lactobacillus paracasei BEJ01 and montmorillonite clay mixture.

High contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been detected in Beja province (Tunisia) in many dairy products and animal feed, which has resulted in many tons of cereals and cereals being removed from the market, causing economic loss. While removal represents a means of reducing risk, exposures still occur. Studies have increasingly focused on means of AFB1 biodegradation/elimination using lactic acid bacteria and clay mineral.

Interaction of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in mice causes immunotoxicity and oxidative stress: Possible protective role using lactic acid bacteria.

Aflatoxins (AF) are important foodborne mycotoxins implicated in human health and have immunocytotoxic effects. The aims of this study were to evaluate a new aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1)-binding/degrading micro-organism for biological detoxification, to examine its ability to degrade AFB1 and FB1 in liquid medium, and to evaluate its potential in vivo protective role against any combined effects from AFB1 and FB1 on host splenocyte caspase-3 activity (reflecting DNA damage/cell death) and mRNA levels of select inflammation-regulating cytokines. Balb/c mice were divided into groups (10/group) and treated daily for 2 weeks by oral gavage with AFB1 (80 µg/kg BW), FB1 (100 µg/kg), AFB1 + FB1, or lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus paracasei BEJ01, 2 × 10(9) CFU/L, ∼2 mg/kg) - alone or in combination with the AFB1 and/or FB1.

Ability of Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 to mitigate aflatoxins (B1 and M1) immunotoxicities in mice.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and M1 (AFM1) are mycotoxins produced by numerous Aspergillus species in pre- or post-harvest cereals and milk. AFB1 and AFM1 display a potent economic loss in livestock and also cause severe immunological problems. The aims of this study were to: evaluate a new AFB1 and AFM1-binding/degrading micro-organism for biological detoxification; examine its ability to degrade AFB1 and AFM1 in liquid medium; and evaluate its potential for in vivo preventative effects against AFB1- and AFM1-induced immunomodulation in mice.

Potential preventive role of lactic acid bacteria against aflatoxin M₁ immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in mice.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin produced by numerous Aspergillus species in pre- or post-harvest cereals and milk. Exposure to AFM1 imparts potent economic losses in the livestock industry. Toxicologically, it also causes severe immune system problems.

Tunisian radish (Raphanus sativus) extract prevents cadmium-induced immunotoxic and biochemical alterations in rats.

Cadmium (Cd), a known carcinogen and potent immunotoxicant in humans and animals, is dispersed throughout the environment as a result of pollution from a variety of sources. Tunisian radish (Raphanus sativus) extract (TRE) is a known anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger that has been shown to help alleviate immune system disorders, including some induced by environmental toxicants. The present study was undertaken to investigate potential protective effects of TRE against Cd-induced immunotoxicities (and general toxicities) in situ.

Lactobacillus paracasei BEJ01 prevents immunotoxic effects during chronic zearalenone exposure in Balb/c mice.

Background And Aim: Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by numerous Fusarium species in pre- or post-harvest cereals. ZEN displays a potent estrogenicity in livestock and also causes severe immunological problems. The aims of this study were to isolate a new ZEN-degrading micro-organism for biological detoxification, to examine its ability to degrade ZEN in liquid medium, and to evaluate its potential for in vivo preventitive effects against ZEN (as would occur with contaminated feed)-induced immunomodulation in mice.

Ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GAF01 to remove AFM1 in vitro and to counteract AFM1 immunotoxicity in vivo.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) has been detected in many parts of the world both in raw milk and many dairy products, causing great economic losses and human disease. Unfortunately, there are few studies dealing with AFM1 immunotoxicity/interactions with lactic acid bacteria for potential application as a natural preventive agent. The aim of this study was to isolate (from dairy products) food-grade probiotic bacteria able to degrade/bind AFM1 in vitro and evaluate whether the same organism(s) could impart a protective role against AFM1-induced immunotoxicity in exposed Balb/c mice.

Interaction of Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 with Tunisian montmorillonite clay and ability of the composite to immobilize Zearalenone in vitro and counteract immunotoxicity in vivo.

Background And Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the abilities of the living Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 (LP) cells, Tunisian montmorillonite clay and their composites to accumulate Zearalenone (ZEA) from a liquid medium and elucidate the preventive effect of their composite in ZEA-contaminated balb/c mice showing immunotoxicity disorders.

Materials And Methods: In the in vitro study, LP (2 × 10(9) CFU/mL), TM (0.5 mg) and LP+TM were incubated with 50 µg mL(-1) ZEA for 0, 12 and 24 h.