A Comparison of Field-in-Field and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Delivering Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: This study compares the dosimetric performance of the field-in-field (FIF) technique with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for delivering hypofractionated radiation therapy to prostate patients with cancer. The FIF technique uses 6 beams, whereas IMRT uses 9 beams.

Methods And Materials: This study was conducted on 15 patients with prostate cancer treated with step-and-shoot IMRT.

Prediction Factors of Radiation Esophagitis in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Supraclavicular Radiotherapy.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate demographic and dosimetric parameters which may link with esophagitis in patients with breast cancer receiving three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy to the supraclavicular fossa.

Materials And Methods: We examined 27 breast cancer patients with supraclavicular metastases. All patients were treated with radiotherapy (RT) with a prescribed dose of 40.

An exploratory simulation study and prediction model on human brain behavior and activity using an integration of deep neural network and biosensor Rabi antenna.

The plasmonic antenna probe is constructed using a silver rod embedded in a modified Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) ad-drop filter. Rabi antennas are formed when space-time control reaches two levels of system oscillation and can be used as human brain sensor probes. Photonic neural networks are designed using brain-Rabi antenna communication, and transmissions are connected via neurons.

Optical configuration of an N ∶ 2 reversible decoder using a LiNbO-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

These days when integrated circuit (IC) designers are facing an uphill task in limiting energy/heat dissipation, reversible computing is emerging as a potential candidate with vast application in fields like nanotechnology, quantum-dot cellular automata, and low power IC. Optical reversible logics have turned up to offer high speed and low energy computations with almost no loss of input information when a certain (arithmetic or logical) operation is performed. This paper explores an optical implementation of an optimized Fredkin gate that is employed to design an $ N:2^N $ reversible decoder.

Mode of Presentation of Laryngeal Cancer: A Single Radiotherapy Institute Experience in Iraq.

Purpose: Laryngeal cancer is relatively common and usually presents with hoarseness due to a lesion in the glottis. We noticed that many of our patients had presented with supraglottic lesions and we could not find local literature in support of this observation. Mode of presentation and site of the lesion of these patients will be addressed in this review.

Injectable dicalcium phosphate bone cement prepared from biphasic calcium phosphate extracted from lamb bone.

Quick setting and poor injectability due to liquid-solid phase separation have limited the clinical use of brushite and monetite cements. The presence of certain ions in the cement during the setting reaction moderate the setting time and properties of the cement. This study reports the preparation of injectable bone cement by using biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) extracted from femur lamb bone by calcination at 1450 °C.

Molecular orbitals of delocalized electron clouds in neuronal domains.

We have further developed the two-brains hypothesis as a form of complementarity (or complementary relationship) of endogenously induced weak magnetic fields in the electromagnetic brain. The locally induced magnetic field between electron magnetic dipole moments of delocalized electron clouds in neuronal domains is complementary to the exogenous electromagnetic waves created by the oscillating molecular dipoles in the electro-ionic brain. In this paper, we mathematically model the operation of the electromagnetic grid, especially in regard to the functional role of atomic orbitals of dipole-bound delocalized electrons.

Effect of Sintering on Di-Electric Characteristics of Al-Cu Doped Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles.

Aluminium substituted cobalt-copper CoCuFeAlO₄, (x ═ 0.8) nanoparticles are grown and sintered at different temperature in the range 600 to 900 °C. XRD analysis on nanoparticles prepared at sintered temperatures of 700 °C and 800 °C confirms the spinel structure and presence of hematite phase (alpha ferrite) in them.

Treatment Outcomes of Pediatric Patients With Ewing Sarcoma in a War-Torn Nation: A Single-Institute Experience From Iraq.

Purpose: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a relatively rare, highly malignant tumor of the musculoskeletal system. It is the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents in the age group of 5 to 20 years. The aim of this study was to identify the treatment outcomes of pediatric patients with ES in Sulaimani governorate, Iraq.

Introduction to Photonics: Principles and the Most Recent Applications of Microstructures.

Light has found applications in data transmission, such as optical fibers and waveguides and in optoelectronics. It consists of a series of electromagnetic waves, with particle behavior. Photonics involves the proper use of light as a tool for the benefit of humans.

Geriatric radiotherapy in a war-torn country: Experience from Iraq.

Introduction: Cancer prevalence and geriatric patients (GP) are increasing and about half of the patients with cancer will be offered radiotherapy (RT). Addressing GP and their RT needs is an important issue in order to understand this heterogeneous group of patients.

Materials And Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study, using a convenience sample from Sulaimani city's inhabitants, aged 70-year and more, who were treated with RT at the only city's RT center, Zhianawa Cancer Center (ZCC), in 2015.

Sub-wavelength terahertz beam profiling of a THz source via an all-optical knife-edge technique.

Terahertz technologies recently emerged as outstanding candidates for a variety of applications in such sectors as security, biomedical, pharmaceutical, aero spatial, etc. Imaging the terahertz field, however, still remains a challenge, particularly when sub-wavelength resolutions are involved. Here we demonstrate an all-optical technique for the terahertz near-field imaging directly at the source plane.

Detection of Salmonella bacterium in drinking water using microring resonator.

A new microring resonator system is proposed for the detection of the Salmonella bacterium in drinking water, which is made up of SiO2-TiO2 waveguide embedded inside thin film layer of the flagellin. The change in refractive index due to the binding of the Salmonella bacterium with flagellin layer causes a shift in the output signal wavelength and the variation in through and drop port's intensities, which leads to the detection of Salmonella bacterium in drinking water. The sensitivity of proposed sensor for detecting of Salmonella bacterium in water solution is 149 nm/RIU and the limit of detection is 7 × 10(-4)RIU.

Modeling and analysis of a microresonating biosensor for detection of Salmonella bacteria in human blood.

A new photonics biosensor configuration comprising a Double-side Ring Add-drop Filter microring resonator (DR-ADF) made from SiO2-TiO2 material is proposed for the detection of Salmonella bacteria (SB) in blood. The scattering matrix method using inductive calculation is used to determine the output signal's intensities in the blood with and without presence of Salmonella. The change in refractive index due to the reaction of Salmonella bacteria with its applied antibody on the flagellin layer loaded on the sensing and detecting microresonator causes the increase in through and dropper port's intensities of the output signal which leads to the detection of SB in blood.

Medical image visual appearance improvement using bihistogram Bezier curve contrast enhancement: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative.

Well-defined image can assist user to identify region of interest during segmentation. However, complex medical image is usually characterized by poor tissue contrast and low background luminance. The contrast improvement can lift image visual quality, but the fundamental contrast enhancement methods often overlook the sudden jump problem.

Ultrafast all-optical switching using signal flow graph for PANDA resonator.

In this paper, the bifurcation behavior of light in the PANDA ring resonator is investigated using the signal flow graph (SFG) method, where the optical transfer function for the through and drop ports of the PANDA Vernier system are derived. The optical nonlinear phenomena, such as bistability, Ikeda instability, and dynamics of light in the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) PANDA ring resonator with four couplers are studied. The transmission curves for bistability and instability as a function of the resonant mode numbers and coupling coefficients for the coupler are derived by the SFG method and simulated.

Nerve communication model by bio-cells and optical dipole coupling effects.

A novel design of nerve communications and networks using the coupling effects between bio-cells and optical dipoles is proposed. The electrical signals are coupled to the dipoles and cells which propagate within the optical networks for long distance without any electromagnetic interference. Results have shown that the use of optical spins in the spin networks, referred as Spinnet, can be formed.

Photodetector performance enhancement using an electron accelerator controlled by light.

A new method of photodetector performance enhancement using an embedded optical accelerator circuit within the photodetector is proposed. The principle of optical tweezer generation using a light pulse within a PANDA ring is also reviewed. By using a modified add-drop optical filter known as a PANDA microring resonator, which is embedded within the photodetector circuit, the device performance can be improved by using an electron injection technique, in which electrons can be trapped by optical tweezers generated by a PANDA ring resonator.

Acoustic cardiac signals analysis: a Kalman filter-based approach.

Auscultation of the heart is accompanied by both electrical activity and sound. Heart auscultation provides clues to diagnose many cardiac abnormalities. Unfortunately, detection of relevant symptoms and diagnosis based on heart sound through a stethoscope is difficult.

Gold nanoparticle trapping and delivery for therapeutic applications.

A new optical trapping design to transport gold nanoparticles using a PANDA ring resonator system is proposed. Intense optical fields in the form of dark solitons controlled by Gaussian pulses are used to trap and transport nanoscopic volumes of matter to the desired destination via an optical waveguide. Theoretically, the gradient and scattering forces are responsible for this trapping phenomenon, where in practice such systems can be fabricated and a thin-film device formed on the specific artificial medical materials, for instance, an artificial bone.

Embedded nanomicro syringe on chip for molecular therapy.

A novel nanomicro syringe system was proposed for drug storage and delivery using a PANDA ring resonator and atomic buffer. A PANDA ring is a modified optical add/drop filter, named after the well known Chinese bear. In principle, the molecule/drug is trapped by the force generated by different combinations of gradient fields and scattering photons within the PANDA ring.

Nanoscopic volume trapping and transportation using a PANDA ring resonator for drug delivery.

A novel design of nanoscopic volume transmitter and receiver for drug delivery system using a PANDA ring resonator is proposed. By controlling some suitable parameters, the optical vortices (gradient optical fields/wells) can be generated and used to form the trapping tools in the same way as the optical tweezers. By using the intense optical vortices generated within the PANDA ring resonator, the nanoscopic volumes (drug) can be trapped and moved (transport) dynamically within the wavelength router or network.

Optical vortices generated by a PANDA ring resonator for drug trapping and delivery applications.

We propose a novel drug delivery system (DDS) by using a PANDA ring resonator to form, transmit and receive the microscopic volume by controlling some suitable ring parameters. The optical vortices (gradient optical field/well) can be generated and used to form the trapping tool in the same way as the optical tweezers. The microscopic volume (drug) can be trapped and moved (transported) dynamically within the wavelength router or network.

Novel tunable dynamic tweezers using dark-bright soliton collision control in an optical add/drop filter.

We propose a novel system of the dynamic optical tweezers generated by a dark soliton in the fiber optic loop. A dark soliton known as an optical tweezer is amplified and tuned within the microring resonator system. The required tunable tweezers with different widths and powers can be controlled.

lyl-1 and tal-1/scl, two genes encoding closely related bHLH transcription factors, display highly overlapping expression patterns during cardiovascular and hematopoietic ontogeny.

The TAL-1/SCL and LYL-1 genes encode two closely related basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors involved in child T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia through chromosomal rearrangements and transcriptional deregulation. During ontogeny, Tal-1/SCL is required for hematopoietic cell generation, both in the yolk sac, where erythro-myeloid cells are first produced, then in the intra-embryonic compartment, where hematopoietic stem cells independently arise. We describe here the expression pattern of lyl-1 in mouse embryos from 7 to 14 days post coitus using in situ hybridization, as well as beta-Galactosidase (beta-Gal) expression in lyl-1-lacZ knock-in embryos, which express a C-terminally truncated Lyl-1 protein fused to the beta-Galactosidase (Lyl-1Delta/beta-Gal).