Secondary product glucosyltransferase and putative glucosyltransferase expression during Citrus paradisi (c.v. Duncan) growth and development.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that have significant roles in plant defense and human nutrition. Glucosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the transfer of sugars from high energy sugar donors to other substrates. Several different secondary product GTs exist in the tissues of grapefruit making it a model plant for studying their structure and function.

Modulation of cardiac ischemia-sensitive afferent neuron signaling by preemptive C2 spinal cord stimulation: effect on substance P release from rat spinal cord.

The upper cervical spinal region functions as an intraspinal controller of thoracic spinal reflexes and contributes to neuronal regulation of the ischemic myocardium. Our objective was to determine whether stimulation of the C2 cervical spinal cord (SCS) of rats modified the input signal at the thoracic spinal cord when cardiac ischemia-sensitive (sympathetic) afferents were activated by transient occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (CoAO). Changes in c-Fos expression were used as an index of neuronal activation within the spinal cord and brain stem.