Supporting and hindering environments for participation of adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review.

The influence of a person's environment and its modifying potential on participation is well recognized for most childhood disabilities, but scarcely studied for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A scoping review was conducted, the aim of which was to map the existing literature about supporting and hindering environments for the participation of adolescents with ASD. Sources of scientific evidence were searched for in four databases.

Metabolism of the steroidal aromatase inhibitor atamestane in rats, cynomolgus monkeys and humans. Isolation and identification of the major metabolites.

The metabolism of the steroidal aromatase inhibitor atamestane was studied in the rat, the cynomolgus monkey and in the human. Metabolite patterns were recorded in plasma, urine and bile (rat only) before and after enzymatic cleavage of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Atamestane was rapidly and extensively metabolized by all three species.

Biotransformation of the antidepressant DL-rolipram. I. Isolation and identification of metabolites from rat, monkey, and human urine.

The metabolic pathway of DL-rolipram was studied in two animal species and in man. Metabolites were isolated from rat, rhesus monkey, and from human urine by preparative HPLC and identified by MS and NMR analysis. In total, the structures of 7 degradation products could be elucidated.

Biotransformation of proterguride in the perfused rat liver.

The metabolic pathway of the dopaminagonistic ergoline derivative, proterguride, was studied in vitro in a rat liver perfusion experiment. Metabolites were isolated by preparative HPLC and identified by MS and NMR analyses. In total, seven compounds could be identified.

Pharmacokinetics of nocloprost in human volunteers and its relation to dose.

The pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of nocloprost, a synthetic PGE2-analogue with cytoprotective properties, was investigated in human volunteers as a function of the dose. Ten young male volunteers received nocloprost 5 micrograms i.v.

Identification of the major metabolites of the prostaglandin E2-analogue sulprostone in human plasma, and isolation from urine (in vivo) and liver perfusate (in vitro) of female guinea-pigs.

After the parenteral administration of the 3H-labeled prostaglandin E2-analogue (PGE2-analogue) to three healthy women, a number of metabolites were observed in the plasma, some of them still potentially pharmacologically active. The metabolite pattern in human plasma was very similar to the one observed in the urine of female guinea pigs, which received a total dose of 0.21 mg [3H]sulprostone by repeated sc administration over a period of 5 days.

Synthesis of a deuterated analogue and development of antibody/GC/MS for the determination of nocloprost in plasma.

An analytical method for the determination of the PGE derivative nocloprost in plasma was developed combining the features of both radioimmunoassay and GC/MS. The antibody usually employed in nocloprost radioimmunoassay was coupled to Sepharose 4B and used as a stationary phase for the extraction of the drug. After appropriate derivatisation, nocloprost was determined by GC/MS in the negative ion-chemical ionisation mode.

Development, validation and practical use of a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the determination of iloprost.

Iloprost is a potent, clinically effective PGI2-mimetic. Therapeutic plasma levels are in the low pg-range and currently analyses of biological samples are performed by GC/MS after antiserum-column extraction. Although this method exhibits high sensitivity and specificity it permits only limited numbers of samples to be analyzed owing to time-consuming work-up.

Development of antibody-mediated extraction followed by GC/MS (antibody/GC/MS) and its application to iloprost determination in plasma.

A new analytical principle has been developed combining the features of both radioimmunoassay and GC/MS. Its application in eicosanoid analysis was tested with the prostacyclin analogue, iloprost. The iloprost antibody, generally employed in RIA measurements, was coupled to Sepharose 4B and used as stationary phase for extraction of the drug.

Determination of 17 beta-hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-propyl-5-alpha-androstan-3-one in plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with single-ion detection.

The topical anti-androgen 17 beta-hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-propyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one is determined in plasma samples by extracting with ether and subsequent mass fragmentography with single-ion detection at m/z 303. 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-pentyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one, added to the samples before extraction, is used as the internal standard. Reproducibility was calculated to be +/- 5.

Determination of canrenone, the major metabolite of spironolactone, in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

An assay procedure for measuring plasma and urine levels of canrenone is described. The drug is extracted with n-hexane-toluene (1:1, v/v) after adding spirorenone as internal standard, and is then separated from plasma constituents and metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography followed by UV detection at 285 nm. The limit of detection is less than 5 ng/ml.

Determination of plasma levels of spirorenone, a new aldosterone antagonist, and one of its metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A method for the determination of plasma concentrations of spirorenone, a new aldosterone antagonist, and one of its metabolites, chromatographically characterized as 1,2-dihydro-spirorenone, is described. The assay utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Reproducible results can be obtained with standard deviations of about 5% and the limit of detection is less than 5 ng/ml.

[Thin-layer chromatography of active compounds from ointments and suppositories followed by direct quantitative analysis by remission (author's transl)].

The paper describes a method for simultaneous thin-layer chromatographic separation of hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate or hydrocortisone caproate alongside dibucaine hydrochloride, hexachlorophene and clemizole undecylate as well as clemizole hexachlorophenate in ointments and suppositories. Development of thin-layer chromatograms is carried out on silica gel 60 F-254 pre-coated plates. All four active ingredients can be separated on one silica gel plate using one solvent system and determined directly by the remission method using a densitometer.