Towards the use of implanted cardiac leads or the diaphragm for active respiratory motion management in stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation.

Purpose: To investigate the utility of implanted cardiac leads or the diaphragm for active respiratory motion management in stereotactic arrhythmia radioablation (STAR) by quantifying the relationship between their motions.

Methods And Materials: Seven patients treated with STAR were imaged using 5 Hz bi-planar, kV x-ray fluoroscopy for 15-20 seconds under both abdominal compression (AC) and free breathing (FB) conditions. 3D motion traces for different regions of the heart were acquired by tracking and triangulating the position of all implanted cardiac leads.