Olfactory threshold as a biomarker of long-term relapse activity in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Olfactory threshold (OT) is a marker of short-term inflammatory activity in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objective: To investigate whether OT predicts long-term MS clinical disease course.

Methods: This was a 6-year prospective longitudinal study on MS patients at the MS clinic Innsbruck.

Odour discrimination and identification as a biomarker of long-term disability worsening in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Odour discrimination and identification (DI) are markers associated with disability worsening and neuroaxonal damage in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objective: The main objective of this research is to investigate whether longitudinal change of DI predicts long-term MS disease course.

Methods: This is a 6-year prospective longitudinal study on MS patients at the MS Clinic Innsbruck.

Retinal layer thinning as a biomarker of long-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer and macular ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layer thinning are markers of neuroaxonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the value of peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layer thinning for prediction of long-term disability.

Methods: This is a 6-year prospective longitudinal study on 93 multiple sclerosis patients.