Reconceptualizing the hyporheic zone for nonperennial rivers and streams.

Nonperennial streams dominate global river networks and are increasing in occurrence across space and time. When surface flow ceases or the surface water dries, flow or moisture can be retained in the subsurface sediments of the hyporheic zone, supporting aquatic communities and ecosystem processes. However, hydrological and ecological definitions of the hyporheic zone have been developed in perennial rivers and emphasize the mixing of water and organisms, respectively, from both the surface stream and groundwater.

High-titer IgE antibody specific for pollen allergens in northern California is associated with both wheezing and total serum IgE.

In an area with high exposure, grass pollen specific IgE can contribute to total IgE. This allergen specific characteristic is relevant to understanding relationships between the immune response and clinical allergic disease.