Systematic approach for content and construct validation: Case studies for arthroscopy and laparoscopy.

Background: In minimally invasive surgery, there are several challenges for training novice surgeons, such as limited field-of-view and unintuitive hand-eye coordination due to performing the operation according to video feedback. Virtual reality (VR) surgical simulators are a novel, risk-free, and cost-effective way to train and assess surgeons.

Methods: We developed VR-based simulations to accurately assess and quantify performance of two VR simulations: gentleness simulation for laparoscopy and rotator cuff repair for arthroscopy.