Stratified Evaluation of GPT's Question Answering in Surgery Reveals Artificial Intelligence (AI) Knowledge Gaps.

Large language models (LLMs) have broad potential applications in medicine, such as aiding with education, providing reassurance to patients, and supporting clinical decision-making. However, there is a notable gap in understanding their applicability and performance in the surgical domain and how their performance varies across specialties. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of LLMs in answering surgical questions relevant to clinical practice and to assess how this performance varies across different surgical specialties.

Using natural history collections to investigate changes in pangolin (Pholidota: Manidae) geographic ranges through time.

Pangolins, often considered the world's most trafficked wild mammals, have continued to experience rapid declines across Asia and Africa. All eight species are classed as either Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Alongside habitat loss, they are threatened mainly by poaching and/or legal hunting to meet the growing consumer demand for their meat and keratinous scales.