The unintended consequences of artificial intelligence in paediatric radiology.

Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic rise in the interest relating to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology. Originally only 'narrow' AI tasks were possible; however, with increasing availability of data, teamed with ease of access to powerful computer processing capabilities, we are becoming more able to generate complex and nuanced prediction models and elaborate solutions for healthcare. Nevertheless, these AI models are not without their failings, and sometimes the intended use for these solutions may not lead to predictable impacts for patients, society or those working within the healthcare profession.

Comparison of chest radiograph findings in ambulatory and hospitalized children with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Background: The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis (TB) is, in many instances, solely reliant on chest radiographs (CXRs), as they are often the only diagnostic tool available, especially in TB-endemic areas. Accuracy and reliability of CXRs for detecting TB lymphadenopathy may vary between groups depending on severity of presentation and presence of parenchymal disease, which may obscure visualization.

Objective: To compare CXR findings in ambulatory versus hospitalized children with laboratory confirmed pulmonary TB versus other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and test inter-rater agreement for these findings.

Artificial Intelligence in Paediatric Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a leading cause of death in children despite global efforts focused on early diagnosis and interventions to limit the spread of the disease. This challenge has been made more complex in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, which has disrupted the "End TB Strategy" and framework set out by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since the inception of artificial intelligence (AI) more than 60 years ago, the interest in AI has risen and more recently we have seen the emergence of multiple real-world applications, many of which relate to medical imaging.

Quality assurance of paediatric lateral chest radiographs.

Introduction: Lateral chest radiographs aid in paediatric clinical practice in countries where the diagnosis of primary pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) still relies heavily on the chest radiograph. This study aimed to create a validated quality assurance (QA) tool investigating the diagnostic performance of this projection by applying this to a database of lateral chest radiographs in children with suspected PTB.

Method: The QA tool was built to include a compilation of criteria from the different sources, accompanied by graphic representations and objective measurements where appropriate.

European Society of Paediatric Radiology Artificial Intelligence taskforce: a new taskforce for the digital age.

A new task force dedicated to artificial intelligence (AI) with respect to paediatric radiology was created in 2021 at the International Paediatric Radiology (IPR) meeting in Rome, Italy (a joint society meeting by the European Society of Pediatric Radiology [ESPR] and the Society for Pediatric Radiology [SPR]). The concept of a separate task force dedicated to AI was borne from an ESPR-led international survey of health care professionals' opinions, expectations and concerns regarding AI integration within children's imaging departments. In this survey, the majority (> 80%) of ESPR respondents supported the creation of a task force and helped define our key objectives.

Pediatric Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Imaging Guidelines and Recommendations.

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Various organisms cause LRTI, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, among others. Infections caused by 2 or more organisms also occur, sometimes enhancing the severity of the infection.

Fronto-temporal cortical atrophy in 'nyaope' combination heroin and cannabis use disorder.

Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the top three regions with the highest rates of opioid-related premature mortality. Nyaope is the street name for what is believed to be a drug cocktail in South Africa although recent research suggests that it is predominantly heroin. Nyaope powder is most commonly smoked together with cannabis, a drug-use pattern unique to the region.

A systemic review of tuberculosis with HIV coinfection in children.

The epidemiology of tuberculosis is adversely impacted by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. HIV-infected patients are more prone to opportunistic infections, most commonly tuberculosis, and the risk of death in coinfected patients is higher than in those without HIV. Due to the impaired cellular immunity and reduced immunological response in HIV-infected patients, the classic imaging features of tuberculosis usually seen in patients without HIV may present differently.

Corpus callosum thickness in children: an MR pattern-recognition approach on the midsagittal image.

Thickening of the corpus callosum is an important feature of development, whereas thinning of the corpus callosum can be the result of a number of diseases that affect development or cause destruction of the corpus callosum. Corpus callosum thickness reflects the volume of the hemispheres and responds to changes through direct effects or through Wallerian degeneration. It is therefore not only important to evaluate the morphology of the corpus callosum for congenital anomalies but also to evaluate the thickness of specific components or the whole corpus callosum in association with other findings.

Combined oesophageal atresia with upper pouch fistula and meconium peritonitis.

Upper pouch tracheoesophageal fistula occurs is less than 1% of all oesophageal atresia variants. Meconium peritonitis is a rare neonatal condition with an incidence of 1:30 000 live births. In this case report, we describe the presentation, clinical findings and management of a patient diagnosed with an oesophageal atresia with upper pouch fistula as well as meconium peritonitis.