The spacing effect: Improving electrocardiogram interpretation.

Background: Accurate electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation is critical for safe patient care, making this skill a necessary competency for medical school graduation. Improved long-term memory retention with repeated exposure to material is one of the most evidenced-based components of adult learning science. This curricular innovation aimed to determine if implementing spaced repetition and retrieval practice using ECG quizzes during the principal clinical year would improve ECG interpretation skills among medical students enrolled in a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC).

Phi thickenings in Brassica oleracea roots are induced by osmotic stress and mechanical effects, both involving jasmonic acid.

Phi thickenings are peculiar secondary cell wall thickenings found in radial walls of cortical cells in plant roots. However, while thickenings are widespread in the plant kingdom, research into their development has been lacking. Here, we describe a simple system for rapid induction of phi thickenings in primary roots of Brassica.