ATG16L1 induces the formation of phagophore-like membrane cups.

The hallmark of non-selective autophagy is the formation of cup-shaped phagophores that capture bulk cytoplasm. The process is accompanied by the conjugation of LC3B to phagophores by an E3 ligase complex comprising ATG12-ATG5 and ATG16L1. Here we combined two complementary reconstitution approaches to reveal the function of LC3B and its ligase complex during phagophore expansion.

Membrane insertion mechanism of the caveola coat protein Cavin1.

Caveolae are small plasma membrane invaginations, important for control of membrane tension, signaling cascades, and lipid sorting. The caveola coat protein Cavin1 is essential for shaping such high curvature membrane structures. Yet, a mechanistic understanding of how Cavin1 assembles at the membrane interface is lacking.

Fast and Robust Exudate Detection in Retinal Fundus Images Using Extreme Learning Machine Autoencoders and Modified KAZE Features.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is a health condition that affects the retinal blood vessels(BV) and arises in over half of people living with diabetes. Exudates(EX) are significant indications of DR. Early detection and treatment can prevent vision loss in many cases.

A novel four-step feature selection technique for diabetic retinopathy grading.

Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus that develops over time. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the retinal disorders. Early detection of diabetic retinopathy reduces the chances of permanent vision loss.

Efficacy and Safety of Acotiamide Versus Mosapride in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia Associated With Meal-Induced Postprandial Distress Syndrome: A Phase III Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background:  Acotiamide is a novel prokinetic drug that acts by enhancing the release of acetylcholine and is used in the treatment of functional dyspepsia-postprandial distress syndrome (FD-PDS). Mosapride is indicated to FD-PDS as per the Rome III treatment guidelines. Mosapride 5 mg three times daily (TID) is approved by the Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) for the treatment of FD-PDS.

Membrane remodeling by SARS-CoV-2 - double-enveloped viral replication.

The ongoing pandemic of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused more than one million deaths, overwhelmed many public health systems, and led to a worldwide economic recession. This has raised an unprecedented need to develop antiviral drugs and vaccines, which requires profound knowledge of the fundamental pathology of the virus, including its entry, replication, and release from host cells. The genome of coronaviruses comprises around 30 kb of positive single-stranded RNA, representing one of the largest RNA genomes of viruses.

The effector CT622/TaiP targets a nonautophagy related function of ATG16L1.

The obligate intracellular bacteria , the causative agent of trachoma and sexually transmitted diseases, multiply in a vacuolar compartment, the inclusion. From this niche, they secrete "effector" proteins, that modify cellular activities to enable bacterial survival and proliferation. Here, we show that the host autophagy-related protein 16-1 (ATG16L1) restricts inclusion growth and that this effect is counteracted by the secretion of the bacterial effector CT622/TaiP (translocated ATG16L1 interacting protein).

Influence of prior pre-treatments on molecular structure and digestibility of succinylated foxtail millet starch.

Influence of different pre-treatments (Ultra-sonication, heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and acid hydrolysis) on the functional properties, in vitro binding capacity and structural properties of succinylated foxtail millet starch were investigated. The degree of substitution was found to be higher in the succinylated starch pretreated by sonication (USFS-0.39).

Human ubiquitin-like proteins as central coordinators in autophagy.

Autophagy is one of the most versatile recycling systems of eukaryotic cells. It degrades diverse cytoplasmic components such as organelles, protein aggregates, ribosomes and multi-enzyme complexes. Not surprisingly, any failure of autophagy or reduced activity of the pathway contributes to the onset of various pathologies, including neurodegeneration, cancer and metabolic disorders such as diabetes or immune diseases.

BIOAVAILABILITY OF BIOTRANSFORMED ZINC ENRICHED DAHI IN WISTAR RATS.

In the present study, we have investigated the bioavailability of biotransformed organic zinc enriched dahi in vivo. The results evidence that the rats fed with zinc enriched dahi (ZED and ZEP) significantly increased (p<0.001) body weight and food intake from zero to third weeks.

A retrospective analysis comparing APCEDEN dendritic cell immunotherapy with best supportive care in refractory cancer.

Aim: A retrospective survival benefit analysis of APCEDEN, APAC BIOTECH Pvt Ltd 69, Jacranda Marg, DLF PHASE II, Gurugram, Haryana, India, an autologous dendritic cell-based product for management of refractory solid malignancies, was performed in comparison with a control group.

Methods: Subjects (retrospective data) whose survival data, geographical region, age, gender, ECOG performance status and stage of disease that could be matched with the treatment group were considered for analysis.

Results: The analysis suggests a significant survival benefit of 199 days for the APCEDEN therapy treatment group when compared with the control group (356 vs 157 days).

EHD2 restrains dynamics of caveolae by an ATP-dependent, membrane-bound, open conformation.

The EH-domain-containing protein 2 (EHD2) is a dynamin-related ATPase that confines caveolae to the cell surface by restricting the scission and subsequent endocytosis of these membrane pits. For this, EHD2 is thought to first bind to the membrane, then to oligomerize, and finally to detach, in a stringently regulated mechanistic cycle. It is still unclear how ATP is used in this process and whether membrane binding is coupled to conformational changes in the protein.

Influence of moisture, particle size and pulse flour composition on phase transition behavior of rice flour.

Study on the phase transition characteristics is an important parameter in extrusion processing. The influence of Moisture Content (MC), particle size and level of cereal-pulse blend on the glass transition (Tg) and melt (Tm) temperatures of a ready to eat cereal-pulse formulation was determined. All samples were moisture conditioned in a 9 to 27 % with 3 % interval.

Cavin3 interacts with cavin1 and caveolin1 to increase surface dynamics of caveolae.

Caveolae are invaginations of the cell surface thought to regulate membrane tension, signalling, adhesion and lipid homeostasis owing to their dynamic behaviour ranging from stable surface association to dynamic rounds of fission and fusion with the plasma membrane. The caveolae coat is generated by oligomerisation of the membrane protein caveolin and the family of cavin proteins. Here, we show that cavin3 (also known as PRKCDBP) is targeted to caveolae by cavin1 (also known as PTRF) where it interacts with the scaffolding domain of caveolin1 and promote caveolae dynamics.

Relating nucleotide-dependent conformational changes in free tubulin dimers to tubulin assembly.

The complex dynamic behavior of microtubules (MTs) is believed to be primarily due to the αβ-tubulin dimer architecture and its intrinsic GTPase activity. Hence, a detailed knowledge of the conformational variations of isolated α-GTP-β-GTP- and α-GTP-β-GDP-tubulin dimers in solution and their implications to interdimer interactions and stability is directly relevant to understand the MT dynamics. An attempt has been made here by combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and protein-protein docking studies that unravels key structural features of tubulin dimer in different nucleotide states and correlates their association to tubulin assembly.

Molecular interactions of the physiological anti-hypertensive peptide catestatin with the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

Catestatin (CST), a chromogranin-A-derived peptide, is a potent endogenous inhibitor of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). It exerts an anti-hypertensive effect by acting as a 'physiological brake' on transmitter release into the circulation. However, the mechanism of interaction of CST with nAChR is only partially understood.

Development of SLN and NLC enriched hydrogels for transdermal delivery of nitrendipine: in vitro and in vivo characteristics.

The purpose of this research was to investigate novel particulate carrier systems such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) for transdermal delivery of nitrendipine (NDP). For this investigation, four different gel-forming agents were selected for hydrogel preparation. Aqueous dispersions of lipid nanoparticles made from trimyristin (TM) were prepared by hot homogenization technique followed by sonication and then incorporated into the freshly prepared hydrogels.