A robust, sustainable, resilient, and responsive model for forward/reverse logistics network design with a new approach based on horizontal collaboration.

Optimizing the strategic and tactical decisions regarding sustainability and resilience is important because they affect the performance of the supply chain over a long period. This study proposes a new multi-objective model for resilient, sustainable, and responsive forward/reverse logistics network design considering cost, social responsibility, CO emission, water consumption, responsiveness time, and collaboration risk. The most significant impacts on costs are identified using the design of experiments, and a robust optimization method is applied to deal with operational risk.