Ginsenoside Rb1 increases macrophage phagocytosis through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/Akt pathway.

Background: Ginsenoside Rb1, a triterpene saponin, is derived from the root and has potent antiinflammatory activity. In this study, we determined if Rb1 can increase macrophage phagocytosis and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.

Methods: To measure macrophage phagocytosis, mouse peritoneal macrophages or RAW 264.

Effects of tianeptine on the development and maintenance of mechanical allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain.

We validate the analgesic efficacy of tianeptine by different administration routes and timing in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced by ligating the L5 and L6 spinal nerves in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and mechanical allodynia was assessed using von Frey filaments. The effects of orally administered tianeptine and pretreatment with tianeptine (intrathecally or intraperitoneally) on mechanical allodynia were assessed.