The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice: A Review.

Importance: Approximately 55 million people in the US and approximately 1.1 billion people worldwide are postmenopausal women. To inform clinical practice about the health effects of menopausal hormone therapy, calcium plus vitamin D supplementation, and a low-fat dietary pattern, the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) enrolled 161 808 postmenopausal US women (N = 68 132 in the clinical trials) aged 50 to 79 years at baseline from 1993 to 1998, and followed them up for up to 20 years.

The Intersection of Cardiovascular Health and Maternal Health: Portfolio Analysis of Federal Grant Funding 2016-2021.

The United States has high and increasing rates of maternal morbidity and mortality, large proportions of which are related to cardiovascular health (CVH). We searched for National Institutes of Health (NIH) supported research as well as that of two other Agencies in the U.S.

Contributions of the Women's Health Initiative to Cardiovascular Research: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

The WHI (Women's Health Initiative) enrolled 161,808 racially and ethnically diverse postmenopausal women, ages 50-79 years, from 1993 to 1998 at 40 clinical centers across the United States. In its clinical trial component, WHI evaluated 3 randomized interventions (menopausal hormone therapy; diet modification; and calcium/vitamin D supplementation) for the primary prevention of major chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, in older women. In the WHI observational study, numerous clinical, behavioral, and social factors have been evaluated as predictors of incident chronic disease and mortality.

Nutritional epidemiology and the Women's Health Initiative: a review.

The dietary modification (DM) clinical trial, within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), studied a low-fat dietary pattern intervention that included guidance to increase vegetables, fruit, and grains. This study was motivated in part from uncertainty about the reliability of observational studies examining the association between dietary fat and chronic disease risk by using self-reported dietary data. In addition to this large trial, which had breast and colorectal cancer as its primary outcomes, a substantial biomarker research effort was initiated midway in the WHI program to contribute to nutritional epidemiology research more broadly.

Venous thrombosis with oral postmenopausal hormone therapy: Roles of activated protein C resistance and tissue factor pathway inhibitor.

Background: Oral postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) increases the risk of venous thrombosis (VT). We postulated that activated protein C (APC) resistance induced by HT is one of the mechanisms causing VT, and also assessed the role of one of the main determinants of APC resistance (i.e.

Discovery of rare variants associated with blood pressure regulation through meta-analysis of 1.3 million individuals.

Genetic studies of blood pressure (BP) to date have mainly analyzed common variants (minor allele frequency > 0.05). In a meta-analysis of up to ~1.

Randomized Trial Evaluation of the Benefits and Risks of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Among Women 50-59 Years of Age.

The health benefits and risks of menopausal hormone therapy among women aged 50-59 years are examined in the Women's Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled trials using long-term follow-up data and a parsimonious statistical model that leverages data from older participants to increase precision. These trials enrolled 27,347 healthy postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years at 40 US clinical centers during 1993-1998, including 10,739 post-hysterectomy participants in a trial of conjugated equine estrogens and 16,608 participants with a uterus in the trial of these estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate. Over a (median) 18-year follow-up period (1993-2016), risk for a global index (defined as the earliest of coronary heart disease, invasive breast cancer, stroke, pulmonary embolism, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, hip fracture, and all-cause mortality) was reduced with conjugated equine estrogens with a hazard ratio of 0.

Dual-Outcome Intention-to-Treat Analyses in the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Hormone Therapy Trials.

Dual-outcome intention-to-treat hazard rate analyses have potential to complement single-outcome analyses for the evaluation of treatments or exposures in relation to multivariate time-to-response outcomes. Here we consider pairs formed from important clinical outcomes to obtain further insight into influences of menopausal hormone therapy on chronic disease. As part of the Women's Health Initiative, randomized, placebo-controlled hormone therapy trials of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) among posthysterectomy participants and of these same estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) among participants with an intact uterus were carried out at 40 US clinical centers (1993-2016).

Menopausal Estrogen-Alone Therapy and Health Outcomes in Women With and Without Bilateral Oophorectomy: A Randomized Trial.

Background: Whether health outcomes of menopausal estrogen therapy differ between women with and without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) is unknown.

Objective: To examine estrogen therapy outcomes by BSO status, with additional stratification by 10-year age groups.

Design: Subgroup analyses of the randomized Women's Health Initiative Estrogen-Alone Trial.

Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: A Matched Case-Control Study within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Background And Aims: The association of fatty acids with coronary heart disease (CHD) has been examined, mainly through dietary measurements, and has generated inconsistent results due to measurement error. Large observational studies and randomized controlled trials have shown that plasma phospholipid fatty acids (PL-FA), especially those less likely to be endogenously synthesized, are good biomarkers of dietary fatty acids. Thus, PL-FA profiles may better predict CHD risk with less measurement error.

Treatment of Skin Disorders with Aloe Materials.

The skin is the largest organ and functions as a barrier to protect the underlying tissues against the elements and pathogens, while also fulfilling many physiological roles and biochemical functions such as preventing excessive water loss. Skin disorders vary greatly in terms of origin, severity, symptoms and affect persons of all ages. Many plants have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times including the treatment of skin disorders and diseases.

Low-Fat Dietary Pattern among Postmenopausal Women Influences Long-Term Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes Outcomes.

Background: The preferred macronutrient dietary composition, and the health consequences of dietary fat reduction specifically, have been debated for decades. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of long-term health outcomes in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification (DM) trial.

Objective: The DM trial aimed to examine whether a low-fat dietary pattern would reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and, secondarily, coronary heart disease (CHD), with various other health outcomes also considered.

Draft Genome Sequences of Seven Type Strains.

In an honors course on "Omics Sciences," draft genome sequences of Chryseobacterium elymi KCTC 22547, Chryseobacterium flavum KCTC 12877, Chryseobacterium hispanicum KCTC 22104, Chryseobacterium lathyri KCTC 22544, " Chryseobacterium massiliae" CCUG 51329, Chryseobacterium piscium CCUG 51923, and Chryseobacterium rhizosphaerae KCTC 22548 were generated to facilitate phylogenomic comparisons within the genus.

Evaluation of the Pooled Cohort Risk Equations for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction in a Multiethnic Cohort From the Women's Health Initiative.

Importance: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) kills approximately 1 in every 3 US women. Current cholesterol, hypertension, and aspirin guidelines recommend calculating 10-year risk of ASCVD using the 2013 Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE). However, numerous studies have reported apparent overestimation of risk with the PCE, and reasons for overestimation are unclear.

Effects of oral conjugated equine estrogens with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate on incident hypertension in the Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy trials.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of menopausal hormone therapy on incident hypertension in the two Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy trials and in extended postintervention follow-up.

Methods: A total of 27,347 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years were enrolled at 40 US centers. This analysis includes the subsample of 18,015 women who did not report hypertension at baseline and were not taking antihypertensive medication.

Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials.

Importance: Health outcomes from the Women's Health Initiative Estrogen Plus Progestin and Estrogen-Alone Trials have been reported, but previous publications have generally not focused on all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Objective: To examine total and cause-specific cumulative mortality, including during the intervention and extended postintervention follow-up, of the 2 Women's Health Initiative hormone therapy trials.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Observational follow-up of US multiethnic postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years enrolled in 2 randomized clinical trials between 1993 and 1998 and followed up through December 31, 2014.

Associations of Biomarker-Calibrated Sodium and Potassium Intakes With Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Postmenopausal Women.

Studies of the associations of sodium and potassium intakes with cardiovascular disease incidence often rely on self-reported dietary data. In the present study, self-reported intakes from postmenopausal women at 40 participating US clinical centers are calibrated using 24-hour urinary excretion measures in cohorts from the Women's Health Initiative, with follow-up from 1993 to 2010. The incidence of hypertension was positively related to (calibrated) sodium intake and to the ratio of sodium to potassium.

Low-fat dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.

The influence of a low-fat dietary pattern on the cardiovascular health of postmenopausal women continues to be of public health interest. This report evaluates low-fat dietary pattern influences on cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality during the intervention and postintervention phases of the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. Participants comprised 48,835 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 y; 40% were randomly assigned to a low-fat dietary pattern intervention (target of 20% of energy from fat), and 60% were randomly assigned to a usual diet comparison group.

Venous thromboembolism incidence, recurrence, and mortality based on Women's Health Initiative data and Medicare claims.

Introduction: Our objective was to compare Medicare claims to physician review and adjudication of medical records for identifying venous thromboembolism (VTE), and to assess VTE incidence, recurrence, and mortality in a large national cohort of post-menopausal women followed up to 19years.

Materials And Methods: We used detailed clinical data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) linked to Medicare claims. Agreement between data sources was evaluated among 16,003 women during 1993-2010.