Autophagy Pathways in the Genesis of -Derived Microvesicles: A Double-Edged Sword?

Malaria, caused by species (spp.), is a deadly parasitic disease that results in approximately 400,000 deaths per year globally. Autophagy pathways play a fundamental role in the developmental stages of the parasite within the mammalian host.

Uses a TLR3-Dependent Pathway to Achieve Mammalian Host Parasitism.

Malaria is associated with complicated immunopathogenesis. In this study, we provide evidence for an unexpected role of TLR3 in promoting the establishment of infection through delayed clearance of parasitemia in wild type C57BL/6jRj (B6) compared with TLR3 knockout mice. In this study, we confirmed an increased expression of , , , and in the liver 42 h postinfection and the initiation of an early burst of proinflammatory response such as , , and in B6 mice that may promote parasite fitness.

Expression of CD300lf by microglia contributes to resistance to cerebral malaria by impeding the neuroinflammation.

Genetic mapping and genome-wide studies provide evidence for the association of several genetic polymorphisms with malaria, a complex pathological disease with multiple severity degrees. We have previously described Berr1and Berr2 as candidate genes identified in the WLA/Pas inbreed mouse strain predisposing to resistance to cerebral malaria (CM) induced by P. berghei ANKA.

Heme dampens T-cell sequestration by modulating glial cell responses during rodent cerebral malaria.

Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Its pathophysiology is associated with a strong pro-inflammatory reaction and the activation of glial cells. Among modulators released during the infection, heme seems to play a controversial role in the pathophysiology of malaria.

High levels of immunoglobulin E autoantibody to 14-3-3 epsilon protein correlate with protection against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Plasmodium falciparum infection generally induces elevated total plasma levels of immunoglobulins, some of which recognize self- or parasite-specific antigens. To our knowledge, we are the first to report high levels of functional immunoglobulin E (IgE) autoantibodies recognizing brain 14-3-3 protein ε in asymptomatic P. falciparum malaria.

An early burst of IFN-gamma induced by the pre-erythrocytic stage favours Plasmodium yoelii parasitaemia in B6 mice.

Background: In murine models of malaria, an early proinflammatory response has been associated with the resolution of blood-stage infection. To dissect the protective immune mechanism that allow the control of parasitaemia, the early immune response of C57BL/6 mice induced during a non-lethal plasmodial infection was analysed.

Methods: Mice were infected with Plasmodium yoelii 265BY sporozoites, the natural invasive form of the parasite, in order to complete its full life cycle.

[The new doctor-patient relationship: the advent of "self-diagnosis"].

The doctor-patient relationship has evolved enormously over the years. A series of health crises ("tainted blood", asbestos, etc.) have led patients to distrust their doctors.

Primary infection of C57BL/6 mice with Plasmodium yoelii induces a heterogeneous response of NKT cells.

NKT cells are a population of innate-like lymphocytes that display effector functions and immunoregulatory properties. We characterized the NKT cell response induced in C57BL/6 mice during a primary infection with Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. We observed a heterogeneous NKT cell response that differed between liver and spleen.

NK cell responses to Plasmodium infection and control of intrahepatic parasite development.

Various components of innate and adaptive immunity contribute to host defenses against Plasmodium infection. We investigated the contribution of NK cells to the immune response to primary infection with Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites in C57BL/6 mice. We found that hepatic and splenic NK cells were activated during infection and displayed different phenotypic and functional properties.

Current multiplanar imaging of the stapes.

Purpose: CT analysis of the stapes is difficult in the axial plane (AP), because of its oblique orientation. Oblique axial reformations could provide a more precise analysis of the stapes in normal and pathologic conditions.

Materials And Methods: CT of the temporal bone was performed in 31 patients.

Dynamic maneuvers in local staging of head and neck malignancies with current imaging techniques: principles and clinical applications.

Imaging has been widely demonstrated to be important in local staging of head and neck malignancies as a complement to clinical examination, including endoscopy. Recent developments in multidetector row computed tomography (CT) provide better anatomic resolution within a shorter acquisition time and wider anatomic coverage. However, in many cases lesions still remain undefined.