Sex Disparity Among Canadian Cardiologists in Academic Medicine: Differences in Scholarly Productivity and Academic Rank.

Background Women remain relatively underrepresented in all subspecialties of academic medicine. While sex disparity is prevalent in a number of specialties, the association between academic productivity and sex in academic cardiology has not been assessed in the Canadian context. Methods Academic faculty of accredited Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS) programs were included from cardiology division websites across 17 universities.

Effects of acute psychological stress on athletic performance in elite male swimmers.

Background: While physical activity has been shown to affect psychological as well as physiological stress responses, less research has explored the effects of acute stress on athletic performance. The current study hence aimed to investigate the effect of an acute psychological stress (APS) provocation on performance and plasma lactate concentration during a following 200-m swim race among elite male swimmers. Furthermore, associations between physiological stress responses (salivary cortisol and testosterone), and outcome measures (speed and lactate) were explored.

Developing Appreciation for Sarcasm and Sarcastic Gossip: It Depends on Perspective.

Background: Speakers use sarcasm to criticize others and to be funny; the indirectness of sarcasm protects the addressee's face (Brown & Levinson, 1987). Thus, appreciation of sarcasm depends on the ability to consider perspectives.

Purpose: We investigated development of this ability from late childhood into adulthood and examined effects of interpretive perspective and parties present.