Understanding the impact of hypoglycemia on the cardiovascular system.

Introduction: Hypoglycemia occurs commonly in insulin requiring individuals with either Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes.

Areas Covered: This article will review recent information on the pro-inflammatory and pro-atherothrombotic effects of hypoglycemia. Additionally, effects of hypoglycemia on arrhythmogenic potential and arterial endothelial dysfunction will be discussed.

Immunotherapies currently in development for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

Introduction: Type I diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the pancreas' ability to produce insulin. While T1DM can be managed using insulin therapy, patients face financial burden, serious complications and premature mortality, from the disease. Efforts have sought to define and ultimately suppress the underlying autoimmune attack that results in T1DM.