Comparing new tools of artificial intelligence to the authentic intelligence of our global health students.

Introduction: The transformative feature of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the massive capacity for interpreting and transforming unstructured data into a coherent and meaningful context. In general, the potential that AI will alter traditional approaches to student research and its evaluation appears to be significant. With regard to research in global health, it is important for students and research experts to assess strengths and limitations of GenAI within this space.

We Hope You're Listening: Qualitative Study of Advice Given by Individuals with Parkinson's Disease.

Background: Patient-centered care for persons with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) is associated with positive outcomes, but is lacking in current healthcare systems.

Objective: In this qualitative study, we solicited advice from PwPD to medical professionals, family members/friends, and newly-diagnosed PwPD.

Methods: Through an online survey, 275 PwPD answered open-ended questions asking for their advice.

Enhanced Social Dominance and Altered Neuronal Excitability in the Prefrontal Cortex of Male KCC2b Mutant Mice.

The K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 is essential in the development of the "GABA switch" that produces a change in neuronal responses to GABA signaling from excitatory to inhibitory early in brain development, and alterations in this progression have previously been hypothesized to play a causal role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We investigated the KCC2b (Slc12a5) heterozygous knockout mouse using a battery of rodent behavioral tests relevant to core and comorbid ASD symptoms. Compared to wild-type littermates, KCC2 mice were normal in standard measures of locomotor activity, grooming and digging behaviors, and social, vocalization, and anxiety-like behaviors.

The transcription factor NeuroD2 coordinates synaptic innervation and cell intrinsic properties to control excitability of cortical pyramidal neurons.

Key Points: Synaptic excitation and inhibition must be properly balanced in individual neurons and neuronal networks to allow proper brain function. Disrupting this balance may lead to autism spectral disorders and epilepsy. We show the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD2 promotes inhibitory synaptic drive but also decreases cell-intrinsic neuronal excitability of cortical pyramidal neurons both in vitro and in vivo.

Two cellular hypotheses explaining the initiation of ketamine's antidepressant actions: Direct inhibition and disinhibition.

A single, low dose of ketamine evokes antidepressant actions in depressed patients and in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Unlike classic antidepressants, which regulate monoamine neurotransmitter systems, ketamine is an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) family of glutamate receptors. The effectiveness of NMDAR antagonists in TRD unveils a new set of targets for therapeutic intervention in major depressive disorder (MDD) and TRD.

Long pre-mRNA depletion and RNA missplicing contribute to neuronal vulnerability from loss of TDP-43.

We used cross-linking and immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing to identify binding sites in 6,304 genes as the brain RNA targets for TDP-43, an RNA binding protein that, when mutated, causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Massively parallel sequencing and splicing-sensitive junction arrays revealed that levels of 601 mRNAs were changed (including Fus (Tls), progranulin and other transcripts encoding neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins) and 965 altered splicing events were detected (including in sortilin, the receptor for progranulin) following depletion of TDP-43 from mouse adult brain with antisense oligonucleotides. RNAs whose levels were most depleted by reduction in TDP-43 were derived from genes with very long introns and that encode proteins involved in synaptic activity.

Specific inflammatory cell types and disease severity as predictors of postsurgical outcomes in patients with chronic sinusitis.

Chronic sinusitis is a common condition that is frequently refractory to medical and surgical intervention. It has not been well defined as to which patient subgroups benefit from surgical intervention and which do not. Our purpose is to determine whether the presence of certain inflammatory cell types is predictive of postoperative outcome in sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis.

Long-term evaluation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a case study follow-up and literature review.

This study reports a 3-year follow-up of a classic presentation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), originally reported elsewhere, after removal of the causative antigens. The literature is reviewed and this case is compared with outcomes of series previously reported. The patient was reevaluated by clinical, serologic, radiographic, and pulmonary function testing 3 years after removal of her home's contaminated humidifier, cleaning of the home, and administration of a course of prednisone.