Sodium channel endocytosis drives axon initial segment plasticity.

Activity-dependent plasticity of the axon initial segment (AIS) endows neurons with the ability to adapt action potential output to changes in network activity. Action potential initiation at the AIS highly depends on the clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels, but the molecular mechanisms regulating their plasticity remain largely unknown. Here, we developed genetic tools to label endogenous sodium channels and their scaffolding protein, to reveal their nanoscale organization and longitudinally image AIS plasticity in hippocampal neurons in slices and primary cultures.

Heterobifunctional Ligase Recruiters Enable pan-Degradation of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins.

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new pharmacological modality to inactivate disease-causing proteins. PROTACs operate via recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligases, which enable the transfer of ubiquitin tags onto their target proteins, leading to proteasomal degradation. However, several E3 ligases are validated pharmacological targets themselves, of which inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are considered druggable in cancer.

Patient selection criteria for outpatient joint arthroplasty.

Purpose: General consensus of patient selection criteria for outpatient joint arthroplasty is lacking, which is paramount to prevent prolonged hospital stay, adverse events and/or readmissions. This review highlights patient selection criteria for OJA based on the current literature and expert opinion.

Methods: A search of the English and International electronic healthcare databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, AMED and the Cochrane library was performed in November 2015 to include studies published during the last 10 years.

No advantage of adrenaline in the local infiltration analgesia mixture during total knee arthroplasty.

Purpose: Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) is widely applied in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In daily practice, adrenaline is added to the LIA mixture to achieve vasoconstriction. However, adrenaline has some possible negative side effects (e.