Bridging legal requirements and analytical methods: a review of monitoring opportunities of animal proteins in feed.

Availability and safety of food ranks among the basic requirements for human beings. The importance of the food producing sector, inclusive of feed manufacturing, demands a high level of regulation and control. This paper will present and discuss the relationships in the triangle of legislation, the background of hazards with a biological nature, and opportunities for monitoring methods, most notable for prion-based diseases as primary issue.

Portraying and tracing the impact of different production systems on the volatile organic compound composition of milk by PTR-(Quad)MS and PTR-(ToF)MS.

The aim of this study was to discover the unique volatile compositional traits of retail milk from different production systems. Forty-four retail milk samples were analyzed, including organic milk (n=10), conventional milk (n=14) and pasture milk (n=20) from winter (n=22) and summer (n=22). Proton transfer reaction quadrupole mass spectrometry (PTR-(Quad)MS) was utilized to obtain the mass-resolved fingerprints (76 masses per sample) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in animal feed and feed materials - trend analysis of monitoring results.

This study aimed to obtain insights into the presence of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in feed materials and feed over time for the purpose of guiding national monitoring. Data from the Dutch feed monitoring programme and from representatives of the feed industry during the period 2007-13 were used. Data covered a variety of feed materials and compound feeds in the Netherlands.

Concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in feed materials in the Netherlands, 2001-11.

This study aimed to obtain insights into contamination of feed materials used in the Netherlands with dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Monitoring results from the period 2001-11, covering in total 4938 samples, were statistically analysed and evaluated against the statutory limits set at the beginning or during this period. The percentage of samples exceeding maximum levels set within the European Union for either dioxins or the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs were below 1% for most feed categories, except for fish meal (4.

Accurate mass screening of pharmaceuticals and fungicides in water by U-HPLC-Exactive Orbitrap MS.

The use of pharmaceuticals in livestock production is a potential source of surface water, groundwater and soil contamination. Possible impacts of antibiotics on the environment include toxicity and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Monitoring programs are required to record the presence of these substances in the environment.

Ultrasonic or accelerated solvent extraction followed by U-HPLC-high mass accuracy MS for screening of pharmaceuticals and fungicides in soil and plant samples.

Different veterinary pharmaceuticals are used in agricultural livestock becoming a source of environment contamination. Furthermore, no regulation exists for the concentration limits of pharmaceuticals in soil or water. Monitoring programs for environment contamination with pharmaceuticals are needed, requiring new sensitive and selective screening methods.

Discrimination of eight chloramphenicol isomers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in order to investigate the natural occurrence of chloramphenicol.

This paper describes the discrimination of eight different isomers of chloramphenicol (CAP), an antibiotic banned for use in food producing animals, by reversed phase and chiral liquid chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Previously, by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) the presence of CAP was confirmed in some grass and herb samples collected on Mongolian pastures up to concentrations of 450 μg kg(-1). It was not possible to establish the cause of CAP residues which has initiated research on the natural occurrence of this drug.

Evidence of natural occurrence of the banned antibiotic chloramphenicol in herbs and grass.

Chloramphenicol (CAP), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, was detected in several herb and grass samples from different geographic origins. Due to its suspected carcinogenicity and linkages with the development of aplastic anemia in humans, CAP is banned for use in food-producing animals in the European Union (EU) and many other countries. However, products of animal origin originating from Asian countries entering the European market are still found noncompliant (containing CAP) on a regular basis, even when there is no history of chloramphenicol use in these countries.

Validation of an analytical method for the determination of spiramycin, virginiamycin and tylosin in feeding-stuffs by thin-layer chromatography and bio-autography.

An inter-laboratory validation was carried out to determine the performance characteristics of an analytical method based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) coupled to microbiological detection (bio-autography) for screening feed samples for the presence of spiramycin, tylosin and virginiamycin. Twenty-four samples including blank samples and samples with concentrations of the target analytes ranging between 1 and 5 mg kg(-1) (expressed in microbiological activity) were analysed by seven laboratories participating in the study. The required detection limit was 1 mg kg(-1) (expressed in microbiological activity).

Liquid chromatographic method to determine narasin in feedingstuffs and premixtures: development, validation, and interlaboratory study.

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) method for narasin in feedingstuffs and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was methanol-K2HPO4 solution (9 + 1, v/v). Narasin was detected at 600 nm after post-column derivatization with dimethylamino-benzaldehyde.

Liquid chromatographic method for nicarbazin in broiler feeds and premixtures: development, validation, and interlaboratory study.

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for nicarbazin in broiler feeds and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was an acetonitrile-methanol (1 + 1) mixture. For feedingstuffs, water was also added.

Determination of maduramicin in feedingstuffs and premixtures by liquid chromatography: development, validation, and interlaboratory study.

A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for determination of maduramicin in feedingstuffs and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was methanol. Maduramicin was detected at 520 nm after postcolumn derivatization with vanillin.