Evolution of specialization in a plant-microbial mutualism is explained by the oscillation theory of speciation.

Specialization in mutualisms is thought to be a major driver of diversification, but few studies have explored how novel specialization evolves, or its relation to the evolution of other niche axes. A fundamental question is whether generalist interactions evolve to become more specialized (i.e.

Good prognosis for hospitalized SLE patients with non-related disease.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by widespread organ involvement. Given the scope of modern treatment, there has been a rise in life expectancy and quality with a mean estimated 5-year survival of 82%-90%. Hence, hospitalizations of SLE patients for non-SLE related causes have not been investigated.