Testing the role of aerobic exercise in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in U.S. active duty military personnel: a pilot study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if the efficacy of imaginal exposure for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could be improved by adding aerobic exercise. We hypothesized that aerobic exercise would enhance the efficacy of exposure therapy. Active duty service members with clinically significant symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTSD Checklist-Stressor-Specific Version, [PCL-S], ≥25) were randomized into one of four conditions: exercise only; imaginal exposure only; imaginal exposure plus exercise; no exercise/no exposure therapy (control).

Deep-Learning-Based Multivariate Pattern Analysis (dMVPA): A Tutorial and a Toolbox.

In recent years, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) has been hugely beneficial for cognitive neuroscience by making new experiment designs possible and by increasing the inferential power of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and other neuroimaging methodologies. In a similar time frame, "deep learning" (a term for the use of artificial neural networks with convolutional, recurrent, or similarly sophisticated architectures) has produced a parallel revolution in the field of machine learning and has been employed across a wide variety of applications. Traditional MVPA also uses a form of machine learning, but most commonly with much simpler techniques based on linear calculations; a number of studies have applied deep learning techniques to neuroimaging data, but we believe that those have barely scratched the surface of the potential deep learning holds for the field.

Paired Trial Classification: A Novel Deep Learning Technique for MVPA.

Many recent developments in machine learning have come from the field of "deep learning," or the use of advanced neural network architectures and techniques. While these methods have produced state-of-the-art results and dominated research focus in many fields, such as image classification and natural language processing, they have not gained as much ground over standard multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) techniques in the classification of electroencephalography (EEG) or other human neuroscience datasets. The high dimensionality and large amounts of noise present in EEG data, coupled with the relatively low number of examples (trials) that can be reasonably obtained from a sample of human subjects, lead to difficulty training deep learning models.

Effects of Brief Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia on Daily Associations between Self-Reported Sleep and Objective Cognitive Performance in Older Adults.

Objective: Behavioral treatments for insomnia improve sleep in older adults, but research documenting their effects on cognitive performance is mixed. We explored whether a brief behavioral treatment for insomnia (BBTi) impacts daily associations between sleep parameters and next day cognition.

Methods: Sixty-two older adults (= 69.

Validity of Actigraphy in Young Adults With Insomnia.

: Actigraphy is an inexpensive and objective wrist-worn activity sensor that has been validated for the measurement of sleep onset latency (SOL), number of awakenings (NWAK), wake after sleep onset (WASO), total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency (SE) in both middle-aged and older adults with insomnia. However, actigraphy has not been evaluated in young adults. In addition, most previous studies compared actigraphy to in-lab polysomnography (PSG), but none have compared actigraphy to more ecologically valid ambulatory polysomnography.

Chronic Pain, Sleep, and Cognition in Older Adults With Insomnia: A Daily Multilevel Analysis.

Study Objectives: The goal of this study was to examine daily associations between sleep and cognition in older adults suffering from insomnia, with or without a history of chronic pain.

Methods: Sixty older adults with insomnia and a history of chronic pain (HxCP; n = 33, mean age = 69.5 years, standard deviation = 7.

Efficacy of brief behavioral treatment for insomnia in older adults: examination of sleep, mood, and cognitive outcomes.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a brief behavioral intervention for insomnia (BBTi) on sleep parameters, mood, and cognitive functioning in older adults.

Methods: Older adults (aged 65 years or more) underwent four weekly sessions of BBTi or self-monitoring control (SMC). Participants completed 14 days of sleep diaries and actigraphy measuring sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), and sleep quality ratings at baseline, post-treatment, and three month follow-up.

Reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Sleep Disorders Module.

Study Objectives: To develop and demonstrate interrater reliability for a Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Sleep Disorders (SCISD).

Methods: The SCISD was designed to be a brief, reliable, and valid interview assessment of adult sleep disorders as defined by the DSM-5. A sample of 106 postdeployment active-duty military members seeking cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in a randomized clinical trial were assessed with the SCISD prior to treatment to determine eligibility.

A Novel Application of a Biopsychosocial Theory in the Understanding of Disturbed Sleep before and after Kidney Transplantation.

Study Objectives: Sleep and fatigue difficulties appear to be highly prevalent among individuals with end-stage renal disease and individuals who have received a kidney transplant. While there is some evidence of biopsychosocial factors predicting sleep disturbance in these populations, previous studies have relied on single time point retrospective measurements.

Methods: The study utilized a 2-week prospective measurement approach, including one night of polysomnographic measurement, nightly sleep diaries, and self-report measures of health, sleep, and mood.

A pilot randomized controlled trial of the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia on sleep and daytime functioning in college students.

The purpose of this study was to pilot test if cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is an effective intervention for insomnia and daytime functioning in college students. College students' developmental stage and lifestyle are significantly different than the general adult population, yet there have been no studies of CBT-I in this age group. Thirty-four college students (ages 18-27; M=19.

Sleep discrepancy, sleep complaint, and poor sleep among older adults.

Objectives: Discrepancy between self-report- and actigraphy-measured sleep, often considered an artifact of measurement error, has been well documented among insomnia patients. Sleep problems are common among older adults, and this discrepancy may represent meaningful sleep-related phenomenon, which could have clinical and research significance.

Method: Sleep discrepancy was examined in 4 groups of older adults (N = 152, mean age = 71.

Insomnia and mental health in college students.

Insomnia is strongly associated with certain mental health problems in the general population. However, there is little research examining this relation in young adults-an age group where many mental health problems first present. This study examined relations between insomnia and mental health symptoms in a college population (N = 373; 60.

Daily variations in objective nighttime sleep and subjective morning pain in older adults with insomnia: evidence of covariation over time.

Objectives: To examine the relationship between objectively measured nocturnal sleep and subjective report of morning pain in older adults with insomnia; to examine not only the difference between persons in the association between sleep and pain (mean level over 14 days), but also the within-person, day-to-day association.

Design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: North-central Florida.

Tackling sleeplessness: Psychological treatment options for insomnia.

The purpose of the present paper is to review and summarize the research supporting nonpharmacologic treatment options for insomnia. The different treatment approaches are described followed by a review of both original research articles and meta-analyses. Meta-analytic reviews suggest that common nonpharmacologic approaches exert, on average, medium to large effect sizes on SOL, WASO, NWAK, SQR, and SE while smaller effects are seen for TST.