How to build a cognitive map.

Learning and interpreting the structure of the environment is an innate feature of biological systems, and is integral to guiding flexible behaviors for evolutionary viability. The concept of a cognitive map has emerged as one of the leading metaphors for these capacities, and unraveling the learning and neural representation of such a map has become a central focus of neuroscience. In recent years, many models have been developed to explain cellular responses in the hippocampus and other brain areas.

Reinforcement Learning: Full Glass or Empty - Depends Who You Ask.

An extension of the prediction error theory of dopamine, imported from artificial intelligence, represents the full distribution over future rewards rather than only the average and better explains dopamine responses.

DIAGNOSTIC USE OF CRITTENDEN'S ATTACHMENT MEASURES IN FAMILY COURT IS NOT BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT.

We express serious doubt and cautioning regarding Spieker and Crittenden's (2010) claim that attachment measures associated with the dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation (DMM; Crittenden, 2016) can be used for court decision-making. We demonstrate, using Crittenden's and coworkers' (e.g.

Pausing controls branching between productive and non-productive pathways during initial transcription in bacteria.

Transcription in bacteria is controlled by multiple molecular mechanisms that precisely regulate gene expression. It has been recently shown that initial RNA synthesis by the bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) is interrupted by pauses; however, the pausing determinants and the relationship of pausing with productive and abortive RNA synthesis remain poorly understood. Using single-molecule FRET and biochemical analysis, here we show that the pause encountered by RNAP after the synthesis of a 6-nt RNA (ITC6) renders the promoter escape strongly dependent on the NTP concentration.