Risk factors for urological symptoms in a cohort of users of the HIV protease inhibitor indinavir sulfate: the ATHENA cohort.

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a well-known complication of indinavir treatment and may result in urological symptoms ranging from renal colic to renal insufficiency.

Objective: To obtain further knowledge regarding the incidence and risk factors of urological symptoms associated with indinavir sulfate use.

Methods: This study was performed in the ATHENA (AIDS Therapy Evaluation National AIDS Therapy Evaluation Centre) cohort of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receiving antiretroviral therapy in the Netherlands.

Low risk of treatment failure after substitution of nevirapine for protease inhibitors among human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with virus suppression.

There is little information about the risk of treatment failure after a switch from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) to nevirapine (Nvp) for patients with successful virus suppression. This study compared the 1-year risk of treatment failure for patients switching from a first PI-containing antiretroviral regimen to Nvp (Nvp group) with the risk for patients switching to second-line PIs (PI group) in the ATHENA (AIDS Therapy Evaluation, The Netherlands) study cohort (n=2470) whose HIV-1 RNA loads were < or = 500 copies/mL. Treatment failure was defined as measurement of HIV-1 RNA loads >500 twice or >10,000 copies/mL once or discontinuation of treatment for any reason.