Gaze Patterns During Evaluation of Facial Attractiveness: An Eye-Tracking Investigation.

Background: Objective, controlled eye-tracking measurement of gaze patterns during layperson evaluation of facial attractiveness is currently lacking.

Objectives: To objectively investigate (1) where on the face laypeople direct their attention when assessing attractiveness compared with a control group, and (2) whether increased fixation on certain facial regions is associated with high attractiveness ratings.

Methods: Lay observers viewed a cohort of 40 faces with a diverse age, sex, and racial distribution.

Surgical Treatments for Facial Aberrant Reinnervation Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

Facial aberrant reinnervation syndrome is characterized by aberrant facial muscle reinnervation after facial nerve injury producing facial synkinesis, hypertonicity, and muscle spasm. To systematically review the surgical treatments for facial aberrant reinnervation syndrome and assess their effectiveness as measured by patient-reported outcomes, physician-graded outcomes, or computer-automated grading systems. We conducted a systematic review using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

Variation in Lip Shape and Aesthetics in the Young Female Population: A Statistical Atlas Study.

The distribution of lip shapes in young females and how morphological variation relates to attractiveness are poorly defined. We hypothesized that among young female lip images generated by a statistical atlas model, those with more full lips compared with those with less full lips would be perceived as more attractive as measured by anonymous survey participants. A statistical atlas of lip morphology was created using photographs of 700 women aged 18-35 years.

Facial Aberrant Reinnervation Syndrome Following Facial Nerve Injury and Recovery.

A common sequela of peripheral nerve injury is aberrant regeneration and recovery. Aberrant regeneration of injured motor nerves can affect all aspects of the nerve circuit from the motor cortex to the target muscle. A more comprehensive term for the symptoms that develop after aberrant motor neuromuscular reinnervation is aberrant reinnervation syndrome (ARS).

Searching for Signs of Plastic Surgery on the Face: Tracking the Eyes of Where Observers Look.

Objective measurement of where observers direct their attention to faces when searching for signs of facial plastic surgery (FPS) is currently lacking. To compare where laypersons direct their attention on facial photographs using eye-tracking software when they are asked to (1) search for signs of aesthetic facial surgery or (2) allowed to gaze without direction (free-gaze). Naïve observers either free-gazed or examined faces for signs of FPS (FPS-prompted) for 10 s per face while their gaze was recorded by an eye-tracking system.

Long-Term Outcomes of Septoplasty With or Without Turbinoplasty: A Systematic Review.

Background: Septoplasty is used to correct nasal obstruction from nasal septum deviation. However, the long-term efficacy of septoplasty is unclear, and no literature reviews have examined long-term outcomes of septoplasty with or without turbinate modification. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of septoplasty with or without turbinate modification in improving nasal obstruction.

Rationale for the Development of a Novel Clinical Grading Scale for Postoperative Facial Nerve Function: Results of a Multidisciplinary International Working Group.

Objective: The objective of the current study was to present the results of an international working group survey identifying perceived limitations of existing facial nerve grading scales to inform the development of a novel grading scale for assessing early postoperative facial paralysis that incorporates regional scoring and is anchored in recovery prognosis and risk of associated complications.

Study Design: Survey.

Setting: A working group of 48 multidisciplinary clinicians with expertise in skull base, cerebellopontine angle, temporal bone, or parotid gland surgery.

Visual Gaze Patterns in the Analysis of Glottic Lesions: Does Experience Increase Diagnostic Accuracy?

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate visual gaze patterns and the ability to correctly identify cancer among participants of different experience levels when viewing benign and malignant vocal cord lesions.

Methods: Thirty-one participants were divided into groups based on level of experience. These included novice (medical students, PGY1-2 otolaryngology residents), intermediate (PGY3-5 otolaryngology residents, gastroenterology fellow), advanced practice providers (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and speech language pathologists), and experts (board-certified otolaryngologists).

Visual Interpretation of Vocal Fold Paralysis in Flexible Laryngoscopy Using Eye Tracking Technology.

Objectives: Interpretation of laryngoscopy is an important diagnostic skill in otolaryngology. There is, however, limited understanding of the specific visual strategies used while assessing flexible laryngoscopy video. Eye-tracking technology allows for objective study of eye movements during dynamic tasks.

Visual Attention to Facial Defects Predicts Willingness to Pay for Reconstructive Surgery.

The relationship between the value of reconstructive surgery and the visual attention drawn by facial deformity has not been studied. We hypothesized that willingness to pay (WTP) for reconstructive surgery would increase as visual attention to deformity increased in a Mohs defect eye-tracking model. We conducted a randomized observational study.

Dermal Fat Grafting to Reconstruct the Parotidectomy Defect Normalizes Facial Attention.

Objectives/hypothesis: Use validated eye-tracking technology to objectively measure 1) the attentional distraction of facial contour defects after superficial and total parotidectomy and 2) changes in attentional distraction with abdominal dermal fat graft reconstruction.

Methods: Standardized frontal and oblique facial images of 16 patients who had undergone superficial or total parotidectomy with or without fat graft reconstruction; four normal controls were obtained. One hundred casual observers were recruited to view these images, and gaze data were collected using a Tobii Pro eye-tracking system.

Eye-Tracking Technology in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Background: The use of eye-tracking technology in plastic surgery has gained popularity over the past decade due to its ability to assess observers' visual preferences in an objective manner.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of eye-tracking studies in plastic and reconstructive surgery, which can aid in the design and conduct of high-quality eye-tracking studies.

Methods: Through application of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search of articles published on eye-tracking across several databases was conducted from January 1946 to January 2019.

Analysis of Abdominal Dermal-Fat Grafting to Repair Parotidectomy Defects: An 18-Year Cohort Study.

Objectives: To assess the outcomes of abdominal dermal-fat grafting following superficial and total parotidectomy.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of parotidectomy patients was performed. Patients were divided into four groups based on surgical extent and grafting status: superficial parotidectomy (SP), superficial parotidectomy with grafting (SPg), total parotidectomy (TP), and total parotidectomy with grafting (TPg).

Measuring Outcomes of Mohs Defect Reconstruction Using Eye-Tracking Technology.

Importance: Objectively measuring how Mohs defect reconstruction changes casual observer attention has important implications for patients and facial plastic surgeons.

Objective: To use eye-tracking technology to objectively measure the ability of Mohs facial defect reconstruction to normalize facial attention.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This observational outcomes study was conducted at an academic tertiary referral center from January to June 2016.

Assessing Nasal Soft-Tissue Envelope Thickness for Rhinoplasty: Normative Data and a Predictive Algorithm.

Importance: Preoperative assessment of nasal soft-tissue envelope (STE) thickness is an important component of rhinoplasty that presently lacks validated tools.

Objective: To measure and assess the distribution of nasal STE thickness in a large patient population and to determine if facial plastic surgery clinicians can predict nasal STE thickness based on visual examination of the nose.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This retrospective review and prospective assessment of 190 adult patients by 4 expert raters was conducted at an academic tertiary referral center.

Fallopian Canal Meningocele with Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea: Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Objective: To present a case of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea from a fallopian canal meningocele involving the geniculate fossa and review all cases of fallopian canal CSF leak reported in the literature with discussion of management and outcomes.

Methods: A 53-year-old woman with history of morbid obesity and hypertension presented to a tertiary care referral center with unilateral high-volume CSF otorrhea. High-resolution temporal bone computed tomography demonstrated significant dilatation of the geniculate fossa.

Societal Identification of Facial Paralysis and Paralysis Location.

Importance: When able to identify facial paralysis, members of society regard individuals with facial paralysis differently. They perceive a decrease in attractiveness, more negative affect, and lower quality of life. However, the ability of lay people in society to accurately identify the presence of facial paralysis has not yet been defined.

Comparing Patient, Casual Observer, and Expert Perception of Permanent Unilateral Facial Paralysis.

Importance: Differences in perception of facial paralysis among patients, casual observers, and experts may have implications for outcomes research and patient care.

Objective: To compare multiple domains of casual observer and expert perception with the actual experience of patients with permanent unilateral facial paralysis.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This investigation was a prospective cohort study conducted at an academic tertiary referral center.

Association Among Facial Paralysis, Depression, and Quality of Life in Facial Plastic Surgery Patients.

Importance: Though anecdotally linked, few studies have investigated the impact of facial paralysis on depression and quality of life (QOL).

Objective: To measure the association between depression, QOL, and facial paralysis in patients seeking treatment at a facial plastic surgery clinic.

Design, Setting, Participants: Data were prospectively collected for patients with all-cause facial paralysis and control patients initially presenting to a facial plastic surgery clinic from 2013 to 2015.