Juvenile muscular atrophy of the distal upper extremity (Hirayama syndrome): a systematic review.

Introduction: Hirayama syndrome is likely caused by a forward displacement of the posterior dura during cervical flexion leading to changes in the muscles of the fingers and wrist. The aim of this systematic review was to document the number of reported cases, the necessity of dynamic MRI of the cervical spine and the subsequent treatment.

Methods And Materials: A systematic review was conducted and the Pubmed/Medbase, Cochrane, Google, Embase and Ovid database were searched for (Hirayama) AND ((disease) OR (syndrome)).

Enhancement of the photoelectrochemical conversion efficiency of nanotubular TiO2 photoanodes using nitrogen plasma assisted surface modification.

A synergistic combination of nanostructure synthesis and plasma surface modification was used to enhance the photoelectrochemical activity of titania (TiO(2)) anodes. Titania nanotubular photoanodes were synthesized by electrochemical anodization of Ti thin foils. Nitrogen plasma was used to dope N at the surface of the photoanodes while removing chemisorbed species.