Factors determining stone-free rate in shock wave lithotripsy using standard focus of Storz Modulith SLX-F2 lithotripter.

Objectives: To calculate the efficiency quotient (EQ) of the latest mobile Storz Modulith SLX-F2 lithotripter and to identify the factors determining the stone-free rate.

Methods: A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database of the first consecutive 533 patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) from June 2009 to February 2010 was performed. A total of 16 patients with radiolucent stones and 43 patients with incomplete follow-up were excluded.

Neu4, a novel human lysosomal lumen sialidase, confers normal phenotype to sialidosis and galactosialidosis cells.

Three different mammalian sialidases have been described as follows: lysosomal (Neu1, gene NEU1), cytoplasmic (Neu2, gene NEU2), and plasma membrane (Neu3, gene NEU3). Because of mutations in the NEU1 gene, the inherited deficiency of Neu1 in humans causes the severe multisystemic neurodegenerative disorder sialidosis. Galactosialidosis, a clinically similar disorder, is caused by the secondary Neu1 deficiency because of genetic defects in cathepsin A that form a complex with Neu1 and activate it.