Methods for mitigation of bio-oil extract toxicity.

Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-beta-d-glucopyranose) and other anhydrosugars can be produced in significant quantities during fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic material. Levoglucosan can be extracted and hydrolyzed to produce fermentable glucose, however co-extraction of fermentation inhibitors can reduce ethanol yields. This work was aimed at evaluating various methods for mitigating the toxicity of bio-oil aqueous extract.