A re-examination of the mere exposure effect: The influence of repeated exposure on recognition, familiarity, and liking.

To evaluate the veracity of models of the mere exposure effect and to understand the processes that moderate the effect, we conducted a meta-analysis of the influence of repeated exposure on liking, familiarity, recognition, among other evaluations. We estimated parameters from 268 curve estimates drawn from 81 articles and revealed that the mere exposure effect was characterized by a positive slope and negative quadratic effect consistent with an inverted-U shaped curve. In fact, such curves were associated with (a) all visual, but not auditory stimuli; (b) exposure durations shorter than 10 s and longer than 1 min; (c) both homogeneous and heterogeneous presentation types; and (d) ratings that were taken after all stimuli were presented.

A parsimonious weight function for modeling publication bias.

Quantitative research literature is often biased because studies that fail to find a significant effect (or that demonstrate effects in an undesired or unexpected direction) are less likely to be published. This phenomenon, termed publication bias, can cause problems when researchers attempt to synthesize results using meta-analytic methods. Various techniques exist that attempt to estimate and correct meta-analyses for publication bias.

A survey of publication practices of single-case design researchers when treatments have small or large effects.

The published literature often underrepresents studies that do not find evidence for a treatment effect; this is often called publication bias. Literature reviews that fail to include such studies may overestimate the size of an effect. Only a few studies have examined publication bias in single-case design (SCD) research, but those studies suggest that publication bias may occur.

Publication bias as a function of study characteristics.

Researchers frequently conceptualize publication bias as a bias against publishing nonsignificant results. However, other factors beyond significance levels can contribute to publication bias. Some of these factors include study characteristics, such as the source of funding for the research project, whether the project was single center or multicenter, and prevailing theories at the time of publication.

The varieties of speech to young children.

This article examines caregiver speech to young children. The authors obtained several measures of the speech used to children during early language development (14-30 months). For all measures, they found substantial variation across individuals and subgroups.

Recovering stimuli from memory: a statistical method for linking discrimination and reproduction responses.

Investigations of sensory memory have often relied on discrimination processes: participants judge whether a reference stimulus is identical to a remembered stimulus. Recently, investigators have used response modes in which participants directly reproduce stimuli. Findings using reproduction tasks have suggested new ways of thinking about biases that pervade psychophysics.

Publication bias in research synthesis: sensitivity analysis using a priori weight functions.

Publication bias, sometimes known as the "file-drawer problem" or "funnel-plot asymmetry," is common in empirical research. The authors review the implications of publication bias for quantitative research synthesis (meta-analysis) and describe existing techniques for detecting and correcting it. A new approach is proposed that is suitable for application to meta-analytic data sets that are too small for the application of existing methods.

Pancultural self-enhancement reloaded: a meta-analytic reply to Heine (2005).

C. Sedikides, L. Gaertner, and Y.

Beyond the group mind: a quantitative review of the interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect.

This quantitative review of 130 comparisons of interindividual and intergroup interactions in the context of mixed-motive situations reveals that intergroup interactions are generally more competitive than interindividual interactions. The authors identify 4 moderators of this interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect, each based on the theoretical perspective that the discontinuity effect flows from greater fear and greed in intergroup relative to interindividual interactions. Results reveal that each moderator shares a unique association with the magnitude of the discontinuity effect.

The "I," the "we," and the "when": a meta-analysis of motivational primacy in self-definition.

What is the primary motivational basis of self-definition? The authors meta-analytically assessed 3 hypotheses: (a) The individual self is motivationally primary, (b) the collective self is motivationally primary, and (c) neither self is inherently primary; instead, motivational primacy depends on which self becomes accessible through contextual features. Results identified the individual self as the primary motivational basis of self-definition. People react more strongly to threat and enhancement of the individual than the collective self.

Truancy, grade point average, and sexual activity: a meta-analysis of risk indicators for youth substance use.

Society increasingly holds schools responsible for the effectiveness of health promotion activities, such as drug abuse prevention efforts funded through the federal Safe and Drug-Free Schools program. Consequently, school districts use student surveys as a method for assessing trends and evaluating effects of programs on behavior. Because cost and practical concerns often preclude consistent population-based school survey sampling, risk indicators can provide an essential tool in analyzing needs assessment and program evaluation data.