A Case Study in Application of the Risk Knowledge Infinity Cycle.

The Risk Knowledge Infinity (RKI) Cycle Framework was featured as part of the ICH-sanctioned training materials supporting the recent issuance of ICH Q9(R1) To support ICH Q9(R1) understanding and adoption, this paper presents a case study on the application of the RKI Cycle, based on an underlying out-of-specification investigation. This case study provides a stepwise walk-through of the cycle to illustrate how key concepts within the ICH Q9(R1) revision can be achieved through better connecting quality risk management and knowledge management with a framework such as the RKI Cycle.

Parkinson's Disease: Advances in Treatment and the Syntheses of Various Classes of Pharmaceutical Drug Substances.

An overview of Parkinson's disease (PD) prevalence, diagnosis, and currently available treatment options is provided. A comprehensive list of different classes of marketed pharmaceutical drug products and the syntheses of various drug substances are summarized based on published literature.

Mechanistic evaluation of virus clearance by depth filtration.

Virus clearance by depth filtration has not been well-understood mechanistically due to lack of quantitative data on filter charge characteristics and absence of systematic studies. It is generally believed that both electrostatic interactions and sized based mechanical entrapment contribute to virus clearance by depth filtration. In order to establish whether the effectiveness of virus clearance correlates with the charge characteristics of a given depth filter, a counter-ion displacement technique was employed to determine the ionic capacity for several depth filters.

Effects of resin ligand density on yield and impurity clearance in preparative cation exchange chromatography. II. Process characterization.

Ion exchange resins are key raw materials in biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes, and variability in ligand density has the potential to compromise process robustness if not controlled within appropriate ranges. In this study, yield and impurity clearance were evaluated for several preparative cation exchange chromatography steps using SP Sepharose™ Fast Flow resins at the high, low, and center of the commercial ligand density specification range. This was accomplished using a design of experiments (DoE) approach coupled to high-throughput screening in 96-well plate format, as well as column chromatography experiments with gradient elution.

Effects of resin ligand density on yield and impurity clearance in preparative cation exchange chromatography. I. Mechanistic evaluation.

The effects of resin ligand density on cation exchange chromatography performance in preparative monoclonal antibody purification processes were evaluated. A set of agarose-based cation exchange resins spanning a relatively wide range of ligand densities was tested using three different monoclonal antibodies with unique impurity profiles. Experiments were performed in bind-and-elute mode using gradient elution at both intermediate protein loadings and near saturation capacity.

Understanding and mitigating conductivity transitions in weak cation exchange chromatography.

Large conductivity fluctuations were observed during a high pH wash step in a weak cation exchange chromatography process. These conductivity transitions resulted in a conductivity drop during pH increase and a conductivity rise during pH decrease. In some cases, the absolute conductivity change was greater than 6mS/cm which was sufficient to affect target protein retention on the column.

Loading, stationary phase, and salt effects during hydrophobic interaction chromatography: alpha-lactalbumin is stabilized at high loadings.

Amide hydrogen-deuterium exchange labeling has been used to study the effects of salt and protein loading on alpha-lactalbumin (BLA) stability during hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Stability in the adsorbed phase increased dramatically with increasing loading, and unfolding was nearly undetectable close to the resin saturation capacity. We also found that a butyl surface destabilized BLA more than a phenyl surface, despite the fact that BLA was bound more strongly on the phenyl surface.