A mouse model of oral contraceptive exposure: Depression, motivation, and the stress response.

Hormonal contraceptives, including oral contraceptives (OCs), regulate hormonal cycles and broadly affect physiological processes, including stress responsivity. Whereas many users describe overall improved mood, up to 10 % of OC users experience adverse effects, including depression and anxiety. Given the link between regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, stress exposure, and risk for depression, it is likely that OC-effects on stress mediate increased risk or increased resilience to these disorders.

Is Routine Imaging Necessary for the Management of Pediatric Hand Fractures Postoperatively?

Background: Pediatric hand fractures heal remarkedly well, and clinically significant displacement after operative fixation is rare. Radiation exposure in medical practice is regulated by the Ionizing Radiation Medical Exposure Regulations 2017, and unnecessary radiation should be avoided. In the literature, there is paucity of information regarding the number of radiographs required in the postoperative period and guidelines are lacking.

Comparison of a virtual reality compression-only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) course to the traditional course with content validation of the VR course - A randomized control pilot study.

Introduction: Technology has been a major contributor to recent changes in education, where simulation plays a huge role by providing a unique safe environment, especially with the recent incorporation of immersive virtual reality (VR) training. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is said to double, even triple survival from cardiac arrest, and hence it is crucial to ensure optimal acquisition and retention of these skills. In this study, we aim to compare a VR CPR teaching program to current teaching methods with content validation of the VR course.

Effect of Simulation-based Training on Surgical Proficiency and Patient Outcomes: A Randomised Controlled Clinical and Educational Trial.

Background: It is hypothesised that simulation enhances progression along the initial phase of the surgical learning curve.

Objective: To evaluate whether residents undergoing additional simulation, compared to conventional training, are able to achieve proficiency sooner with better patient outcomes.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This international, multicentre, randomised controlled trial recruited 94 urology residents with experience of zero to ten procedures and no prior exposure to simulation in ureterorenoscopy, selected as an index procedure.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonates: Has the Brain Taken a Hit 10 Years Later?

Background: The neonate with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is at risk of developing poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. There is a dearth of long-term follow-up studies in this field, with a majority of studies reporting a follow-up duration of 2 years. The aim of this study was to assess neurodevelopment of babies diagnosed with NEC more than a decade ago.

Yield gap in milk production is considerable in Indian Himalayan state of Meghalaya.

Yield gaps in milk production are here defined as the differentials between the actual yield obtained by the dairy farmer and the potential farm yield (production achieved by the top 10% of farmers: Gap 2) as well as the differential between this potential farm yield and the yield registered in the research stations (Gap 1). Assessment of yield gaps provides valuable information on potential production enhancement and drivers behind yield gaps. Milk production can be increased by narrowing the predominant large yield gaps in resource-poor smallholder farming system.

The SIMULATE ureteroscopy training curriculum: educational value and transfer of skills.

Objective: Different simulation modalities may be utilised in a curricular fashion to benefit from the strengths of each training model. The aim of this study is to evaluate a novel multi-modality ureterorenoscopy (URS) simulation curriculum in terms of educational value, content validity, transfer of skills and inter-rater reliability.

Methods: This international prospective study recruited urology residents (n = 46) with ≤ 10 URS experience and no prior simulation training.

Simulation-Based Training Models for Urolithiasis: A Systematic Review.

Urolithiasis is one of the most common presentations in urological practice and it is becoming increasingly important to provide structured, simulation-based training using validated training models. This systematic review aims to identify current simulation-based training models and to evaluate their validity and effectiveness. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a comprehensive search was performed on the Medline and EMBASE databases for English language articles published between 2000 and 2018 describing and/or assessing validity of simulation models for urolithiasis procedures.

Non-technical skills for urological surgeons (NoTSUS): development and evaluation of curriculum and assessment scale.

Objective: In the last decade non-technical skills (NTS) have emerged as a vital area for improvement within surgery. This study aims to develop and evaluate a Non-technical Skills for Urological Surgeons (NoTSUS) training curriculum and assessment scale.

Methods: This international, longitudinal and observational study began with a 3-round Delphi methodology to refine curriculum contents and rating scale.

Health policy and leadership models during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review.

On March 11, 2020, the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Approximately 19.3 million people have now been infected and over 700,000 have died.

Current status of wet lab and cadaveric simulation in urological training: A systematic review.

Introduction: We undertook a systematic review of the use of wet lab (animal and cadaveric) simulation models in urological training, with an aim to establishing a level of evidence (LoE) for studies and level of recommendation (LoR) for models, as well as evaluating types of validation.

Methods: Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for English-language studies using search terms including a combination of "surgery," "surgical training," and "medical education." These results were combined with "wet lab," "animal model," "cadaveric," and "in-vivo.

Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice - Part 2 (surgical prioritisation).

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic represents a once in a century challenge to human healthcare with over 4.5 million cases and over 300,000 deaths thus far. Surgical practice has been significantly impacted with all specialties writing guidelines for how to manage during this crisis.

Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice - Part 1.

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in over 4.5 million confirmed cases and over 300,000 deaths. The impact of COVID-19 on surgical practice is widespread, ranging from workforce and staffing issues, procedural prioritisation, viral transmission risk intraoperatively, changes to perioperative practice and ways of working alongside the impact on surgical education and training.

The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 4.3 million confirmed cases and over 290,000 deaths globally. It has also sparked fears of an impending economic crisis and recession.

World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19).

An unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent and was subsequently termed COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO). Considered a relative of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 is caused by a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 that affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans.

The role of dry-lab and cadaveric simulation for cystoscopy and intravesical Botulinum toxin injections.

Background: The aim of this study is to assess validity of the ETXY Multifunctional trainer (ProDelphus, Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil), a bench-top dry-lab model for simulation of cystoscopy and intravesical injections of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX-A) injections, in terms of educational value, feasibility and acceptability as well as evaluating the use of fresh frozen cadavers for intravesical BTX-A injections.

Methods: Prospective study with novice trainees and urologists (n=58) trained by experts (n=14) in a 30-min hands-on training session in intravesical administration of BTX-A over 6 training sessions throughout one year. Outcome measures were demonstrated through distribution and analysis of evaluation surveys on a 5-point Likert scale.

Evaluation of the Endo-Uro trainer for semi-rigid ureteroscopy training.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of evidence of the Endo-Uro Trainer (SAMED, Dresden, Germany) for semi-rigid ureteroscopy.

Methods: Novice ( = 29), intermediate-level ( = 25), and expert ( = 24) urological surgeons were recruited to participate in the study. Novices were allocated randomly to Groups A and B, where A performed two set procedures using the already validated Uro-Scopic Trainer (Limbs and Things, Bristol, UK), and Group B used the Endo-Uro trainer.

Effectiveness of the HoloLens mixed-reality headset in minimally invasive surgery: a simulation-based feasibility study.

Background: The advent of Virtual Reality technologies presents new opportunities for enhancing current surgical practice. Studies suggest that current techniques in endoscopic surgery are prone to disturbance of a surgeon's visual-motor axis, influencing performance, ergonomics and iatrogenic injury rates. The Microsoft HoloLens is a novel head-mounted display that has not been explored within surgical innovation research.

Validation of the Advanced Scope Trainer for Flexible Ureterorenoscopy Training.

Objective: To validate the Advanced Scope Trainer (AST; Mediskills, Northampton, UK). The AST is a currently unvalidated simulator, developed for flexible ureterorenoscopy (fURS) training. This study aims to assess the face, content, construct, and concurrent validity to assess the level of transferability of skills to the operating room.