Pubertal testicular volume references for ruler, orchidometer, and ultrasonography measurements based on a longitudinal follow-up.

Background: Testicular volume is a marker of male pubertal development. Various clinical conditions and their treatments may influence testicular growth.

Objectives: To create ruler-based age-dependent pubertal testicular volume references that enable calculation of standard deviation (SD) scores.

Reproductive Markers of Testicular Function and Size During Puberty in Boys With and Without a History of Cryptorchidism.

Context: Longitudinal data on levels of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormones and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during puberty in boys with a history of cryptorchidism are largely missing.

Objective: We aimed to compare pubertal hormone levels between boys with a history of congenital cryptorchidism who experienced spontaneous testicular descent or underwent orchiopexy and boys without a history of cryptorchidism.

Methods: This was a nested case-control study within a population-based birth cohort, with a prospective, longitudinal pubertal follow-up every 6 months (2005 to 2019).

INnoVative trial design for testing the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of 6-month treatment with incretin-based therapy to prevent type 1 DIAbetes in autoantibody positive participants: A protocol for three parallel double-blind, randomised controlled trials (INVESTDIA).

Aims: β-cell stress and dysfunction may contribute to islet autoimmunity and progression to clinical type 1 diabetes. We present a protocol of three randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP - 1) analogue liraglutide in three early stages of type 1 diabetes.

Methods: We will test 10- to 30-year-old people with multiple islet autoantibodies for their glucose metabolism and randomise participants with stage 1 (multiple islet autoantibodies and normoglycaemia), stage 2 (multiple islet autoantibodies and dysglycaemia) and early stage 3 (clinical diagnosis) type 1 diabetes, 10-14 persons in each, to a 6-month intervention with liraglutide or placebo with 6-month follow-up in the stage 2 and stage 3 trials and 18-month follow-up in the stage 1 trial.

Exploring Minimally Invasive Approach to Define Stages of Type 1 Diabetes Remotely.

New methods are pivotal in accurately predicting, monitoring, and diagnosing the clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in high-risk children. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a valuable tool for patients with T1D, but there is still a knowledge gap regarding its utility in the prediction of diabetes. The current study explored whether 10-day CGM or CGM during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed in the laboratory or at home (home-OGTT) could be accurate in detecting stages of T1D.

Beta cell function in participants with single or multiple islet autoantibodies at baseline in the TEDDY Family Prevention Study: TEFA.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess beta cell function based on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in participants with single islet autoantibody or an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IvGTT) in participants with multiple islet autoantibodies.

Materials And Methods: Healthy participants in Sweden and Finland, between 2 and 49.99 years of age previously identified as positive for a single (n = 30) autoantibody to either insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen-2, zinc transporter 8 or islet cell antibodies or multiple autoantibodies (n = 46), were included.

Testis Development.

Production of sperm and androgens is the main function of the testis. This depends on normal development of both testicular somatic cells and germ cells. A genetic program initiated from the Y chromosome gene sex-determining region Y (SRY) directs somatic cell specification to Sertoli cells that orchestrate further development.

Postnatal Changes in Testicular Position Are Associated With IGF-I and Function of Sertoli and Leydig Cells.

Context: Despite clinical guidelines calling for repetitive examination of testicular position during childhood, little is known of normal changes in testicular position during childhood, let alone factors that control it.

Objective: To assess changes in and factors associated with testicular position during childhood.

Design: Testicular position (the distance from the pubic bone to the upper pole of the testes) at birth, 3 months, 18 months, 36 months, and 7 years and reproductive hormones at 3 months were measured.

Testicular growth and development in puberty.

Purpose Of Review: To describe pubertal testicular growth in humans, changes in testicular cell populations that result in testicular growth, and the role of testosterone and gonadotrophins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in testicular growth. When human data were not available, studies in nonhuman primates and/or rodents were used as surrogates.

Recent Findings: Testicular growth in puberty follows a sigmoidal growth curve, with a large variation in timing of testicular growth and adult testicular volume.

Exposure Variation and Endocrine Disruption of the Male Reproductive System.

Exposure to endocrine disruptors varies geographically and temporally. Environmental levels of persistent organic pollutants have decreased after international regulation, whereas potential exposure to thousands of new chemicals has increased. The adverse effects of endocrine disruptors depend on susceptibility and timing of the exposure.

Testicular Growth During Puberty in Boys With and Without a History of Congenital Cryptorchidism.

Context: The pattern of testicular growth during puberty may provide important information about early testicular damage and reproductive potential in adulthood.

Objective: To evaluate pubertal testicular growth in boys with congenital cryptorchidism and controls.

Design: Longitudinal case-control study.

Association between levels of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue and cryptorchidism in early childhood: a case-control study.

Background: Congenital cryptorchidism, i.e. failure of the testicular descent to the bottom of the scrotum, is a common birth defect.