Fluoroform (CHF) Production from CFCHO Photolysis and Implications for the Decomposition of Hydrofluoroolefins and Hydrochlorofluoroolefins in the Atmosphere.

Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and hydrochlorofluoroolefins (HCFOs) are the leading synthetic replacements for compounds successively banned by the Montreal Protocol and amendments. HFOs and HCFOs readily decompose in the atmosphere to form fluorinated carbonyls, including CFCHO in yields of up to 100%, which are then photolyzed. A long-standing issue, critical for the transition to safe industrial gases, is whether atmospheric decomposition of CFCHO yields any quantity of CHF (HFC-23), which is one of the most environmentally hazardous greenhouse gases.

Fast magnetization transfer saturation imaging of the brain using MP2RAGE T mapping.

Purpose: Magnetization transfer saturation (MT) mapping is commonly used to examine the macromolecular content of brain tissue. This study compared variable flip angle (VFA) T mapping against compressed-sensing MP2RAGE (csMP2RAGE) T mapping for accelerating MT imaging.

Methods: VFA, MP2RAGE, and csMP2RAGE were compared against inversion-recovery T in an aqueous phantom at 3 T.

PTSD, depression, and treatment outcomes: A latent profile analysis among active duty personnel in a residential PTSD program.

Depression frequently co-occurs with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including among active duty service members. However, symptom heterogeneity of this comorbidity is complex and its association with treatment outcomes is poorly understood, particularly among active duty service members in residential treatment. This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify symptom-based subgroups of PTSD and depression among 282 male service members in a 10-week, residential PTSD treatment program with evidence-based PTSD psychotherapies and adjunctive interventions.

Reversing immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment of fibrolamellar carcinoma via PD-1 and IL-10 blockade.

Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare liver tumor driven by the DNAJ-PKAc fusion protein that affects healthy young patients. Little is known about the immune response to FLC, limiting rational design of immunotherapy. Multiplex immunohistochemistry and gene expression profiling were performed to characterize the FLC tumor immune microenvironment and adjacent non-tumor liver (NTL).

Characterising phagocytes and measuring phagocytosis from live Galleria mellonella larvae.

Over the last 20 years, the larva of the greater waxmoth, , has rapidly increased in popularity as an mammalian replacement model organism for the study of human pathogens. Experimental readouts of response to infection are most often limited to observing the melanization cascade and quantifying larval death and, whilst transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, and methods to determine microbial load are also used, a more comprehensive toolkit of profiling infection over time could transform the applicability of this model. As an invertebrate, harbour an innate immune system comprised of both humoral components and a repertoire of innate immune cells - termed haemocytes.

Residual posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms following a residential posttraumatic stress disorder treatment program for U.S. active duty service members.

Objective: Even after the most effective posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatments, symptoms often persist. Understanding residual symptoms is particularly relevant in military populations, who may be less responsive to PTSD interventions.

Method: The sample consisted of 282 male service members who engaged in a residential PTSD treatment program at a military treatment facility that provided evidence-based PTSD psychotherapies and adjunctive interventions.

The human brain connectome weighted by the myelin content and total intra-axonal cross-sectional area of white matter tracts.

A central goal in neuroscience is the development of a comprehensive mapping between structural and functional brain features, which facilitates mechanistic interpretation of brain function. However, the interpretability of structure-function brain models remains limited by a lack of biological detail. Here, we characterize human structural brain networks weighted by multiple white matter microstructural features including total intra-axonal cross-sectional area and myelin content.

Optimization of acquisition parameters for cortical inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) imaging using a rapid gradient echo readout.

Purpose: Imaging biomarkers with increased myelin specificity are needed to better understand the complex progression of neurological disorders. Inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) imaging is an emergent technique that has a high degree of specificity for myelin content but suffers from low signal to-noise ratio (SNR). This study used simulations to determine optimal sequence parameters for ihMT imaging for use in high-resolution cortical mapping.

Effects of HLA single chain trimer design on peptide presentation and stability.

MHC class I "" molecules, coupling MHC heavy chain, β-microglobulin, and a specific peptide into a single polypeptide chain, are widely used in research. To more fully understand caveats associated with this design that may affect its use for basic and translational studies, we evaluated a set of engineered single-chain trimers with combinations of stabilizing mutations across eight different classical and non-classical human class I alleles with 44 different peptides, including a novel human/murine chimeric design. While, overall, single-chain trimers accurately recapitulate native molecules, care was needed in selecting designs for studying peptides longer or shorter than 9-mers, as single-chain trimer design could affect peptide conformation.

Life Cycle Assessment of Coastal Enhanced Weathering for Carbon Dioxide Removal from Air.

Coastal enhanced weathering (CEW) is a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approach whereby crushed silicate minerals are spread in coastal zones to be naturally weathered by waves and tidal currents, releasing alkalinity and removing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO). Olivine has been proposed as a candidate mineral due to its abundance and high CO uptake potential. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of silt-sized (10 μm) olivine revealed that CEW's life-cycle carbon emissions and total environmental footprint, i.

POPTARTS: A New Method to Determine Quantum Yields in a Molecular Beam.

A new technique is reported to determine absolute photodissociation quantum yields, ϕ, in a molecular beam. The technique relies on a molecule having two available product channels, where a species in channel A can be converted photolytically to a species in channel B. The relative decrease in the species from channel A and the relative increase in species from B provide a direct measure of the relative product yield of each channel, with no external calibration required.

Transcriptional and functional analyses of neoantigen-specific CD4 T cells during a profound response to anti-PD-L1 in metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma.

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) often responds to PD-1 pathway blockade, regardless of tumor-viral status (~80% of cases driven by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)). Prior studies have characterized tumor-specific T cell responses to MCPyV, which have typically been CD8, but little is known about the T cell response to UV-induced neoantigens.

Methods: A patient in her mid-50s with virus-negative (VN) MCC developed large liver metastases after a brief initial response to chemotherapy.

Human Papillomavirus-Directed Therapeutics for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Despite the availability of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, there is a growing incidence of HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HPV-HNSCC) worldwide. The viral etiology of HPV-HNSCC provides an opportunity to develop personalized immune-based therapies, which target the unique viral- or tumor-specific proteins. Novel HPV-targeted immunotherapeutic approaches in clinical development are reviewed.

Permanent tissue damage in multiple sclerosis lesions is associated with reduced pre-lesion myelin and axon volume fractions.

Background: The use of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in MS research has led to new insights in lesion evolution and disease outcomes. It has not yet been determined if, or how, pre-lesional abnormalities in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) relate to the long-term evolution of new lesions.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between abnormalities in MRI measures of axonal and myelin volume fractions (AVF and MVF) in NAWM preceding development of black-hole (BH) and non-BH lesions in people with MS.

An In Vivo Model of Human Macrophages in Metastatic Melanoma.

Despite recent therapeutic progress, advanced melanoma remains lethal for many patients. The composition of the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) has decisive impacts on therapy response and disease outcome, and high-dimensional analyses of patient samples reveal the heterogeneity of the immune TME. Macrophages infiltrate TMEs and generally associate with tumor progression, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood.

Psychological comorbidity: Predictors of residential treatment response among U.S. service members with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Residential posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) research in military samples generally shows that in aggregate, PTSD symptoms significantly improve over the course of treatment but can remain at elevated levels following treatment. Identifying individuals who respond to residential treatment versus those who do not, including those who worsen, is critical given the extensive resources required for such programs. This study examined predictors of treatment response among 282 male service members who received treatment in a U.

Culture Requests and Multi-Drug Resistance among Suspected Urinary Tract Infections in Two Tertiary Hospitals in Freetown, Sierra Leone (2017-21): A Cross-Sectional Study.

In sub-Saharan Africa, there is limited information about the use of microbiology laboratory services in patients with suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs). This cross-sectional study assessed the requests for urine culture in patients with suspected UTI in two tertiary (maternal and paediatric) hospitals-Freetown and Sierra Leone, during May 2017-May 2021-and determined antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns among bacterial isolates. One laboratory served the two hospitals, with its electronic database used to extract information.

Hand Hygiene Compliance at Two Tertiary Hospitals in Freetown, Sierra Leone, in 2021: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Hand hygiene actions are essential to reduce healthcare-associated infections and the development of antimicrobial resistance. In this cross-sectional study at two tertiary hospitals, Freetown, Sierra Leone, we observed hand hygiene compliance (defined as using handwash with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) amongst healthcare workers between June and August 2021. Using the WHO Hand Hygiene tool, observations were made in relation to the type of opportunity, different wards and types of healthcare worker.

Neoadjuvant Therapy Induces a Potent Immune Response to Sarcoma, Dominated by Myeloid and B Cells.

Purpose: To characterize changes in the soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) tumor immune microenvironment induced by standard neoadjuvant therapy with the goal of informing neoadjuvant immunotherapy trial design.

Experimental Design: Paired pre- and postneoadjuvant therapy specimens were retrospectively identified for 32 patients with STSs and analyzed by three modalities: multiplexed IHC, NanoString, and RNA sequencing with ImmunoPrism analysis.

Results: All 32 patients, representing a variety of STS histologic subtypes, received neoadjuvant radiotherapy and 21 (66%) received chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy.

Photodissociation dynamics of CFCHO: C-C bond cleavage.

The photodissociation dynamics of jet-cooled trifluoroacetaldehyde (CFCHO) into radical products, CF + HCO, was explored using velocity mapped ion imaging over the wavelength range 297.5 nm ≤λ≤ 342.8 nm (33 613-29 172 cm) covering the entire section of the absorption spectrum accessible with solar actinic wavelengths at the ground level.

CD4+ T cell and M2 macrophage infiltration predict dedifferentiated liposarcoma patient outcomes.

Background: Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is one of the most common soft tissue sarcoma subtypes and is devastating in the advanced/metastatic stage. Despite the observation of clinical responses to inhibitors, little is known about the immune microenvironment in relation to patient prognosis.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 61 patients with DDLPS.

The role of soils in the regulation of ocean acidification.

Soils play an important role in mediating chemical weathering reactions and carbon transfer from the land to the ocean. Proposals to increase the contribution of alkalinity to the oceans through 'enhanced weathering' as a means to help prevent climate change are gaining increasing attention. This would augment the existing connection between the biogeochemical function of soils and alkalinity levels in the ocean.

Rotational and nuclear-spin level dependent photodissociation dynamics of HS.

The detailed features of molecular photochemistry are key to understanding chemical processes enabled by non-adiabatic transitions between potential energy surfaces. But even in a small molecule like hydrogen sulphide (HS), the influence of non-adiabatic transitions is not yet well understood. Here we report high resolution translational spectroscopy measurements of the H and S(D) photoproducts formed following excitation of HS to selected quantum levels of a Rydberg state with B electronic symmetry at wavelengths λ ~ 139.